DDI description: Religion and Religiousness in Russia 1991 DDI-kuvailu: Uskonto ja uskonnollisuus Venäjällä 1991 1092 Finnish Social Science Data Archive Finnish Social Science Data Archive Finnish Social Science Data Archive 3.0.0 Religion and Religiousness in Russia 1991 [metadata]. Metadata version 3.0.0 (2018-07-20). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd1092; URN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1092 FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records), joiden tekijä on Suomen yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto (Finnish Social Science Data Archive), on lisensoitu Creative Commons 1.0 Yleismaailmallinen (CC0 1.0) -lisenssillä. FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records) by Suomen yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto (Finnish Social Science Data Archive) are licensed under a Creative Commons 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) license. FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records) av Finlands samhällsvetenskapliga dataarkiv (Finnish Social Science Data Archive) är licensierade under en Creative Commons 1.0 Universiell (CC0 1.0) licens. Religion and Religiousness in Russia 1991 Uskonto ja uskonnollisuus Venäjällä 1991 1092 urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1092 10.60686/t-fsd1092 Kääriäinen, Kimmo Andreenkov, Vladimir Church Research Institute In accordance with the agreement between FSD and the depositor. Finnish Social Science Data Archive Religion and Religiousness in Russia

Religion and religiousness in Russia is a research series carried out by the Academy of Finland and the Russian Academy of Sciences. In Russia, the data were collected by Institut sravnitel'nyh social'nyh issledovanij (Institute for Comparative Social Research), and in Finland by the Research Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. The surveys were carried out in 1991, 1993, 1996 and 1999, and are included in the FSD collections.

3.0 3.0 Kääriäinen, Kimmo (Church Research Institute) & Andreenkov, Vladimir (The Russian Academy of Science): Religion and Religiousness in Russia 1991 [dataset]. Data version 3.0 (2018-07-20). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd1092; URN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1092 moral concepts moral values religious beliefs religious attendance happiness quality of life family life occupational life gender role political attitudes political movements Social sciences Humanities Religion and values

The survey studied the concepts of religion, morals and values in Russia in the beginning of the 1990s. The respondents were asked to evaluate the importance of work, family, friends or acquaintances, leisure time, politics, and religion. Attitudes towards environmental issues were studied. The respondents were also asked which groups and associations they belonged to, whether they did any voluntary work, and why. They were asked what kind of people they would not have as neighbours.

Self-perceived state of health was surveyed. A number of questions focused on how the respondents felt about life in general, and their feelings experienced during the past few weeks were also examined. Trust in other people, feeling of control over own life, and satisfaction with own life were surveyed. Causes for poverty in Russia were also charted. Relating to work, the respondents were asked what economical and social factors were the most important to them at work. The respondents were also asked what role should owners, the state, and employees have in the ownership of an enterprise, and in choosing management.

Several questions dealt with morals and the meaning of life, the respondents' religiosity, religious attendance, and attitude towards the church. In addition, the respondents were asked about their family relations and the meaning of family in their lives, and whether the respondents had the same attitude towards religion, morals, politics and sexuality as their spouse and parents. Relating to marriage, the respondents were asked how important they felt faithfulness, material goods, belonging to the same social stratum, mutual respect, same political views, sexual satisfaction, children, and sharing the chores at home to be. Relating to children, the respondents were asked the actual and desired number of children in the family, the attitude towards child-rearing, conceptions of the relationship between parents and children, and what kind of values should parents instill in their children. Furthermore, the respondents were asked about their attitudes towards working mothers, and the roles of spouses in marriage.

There were several questions about attitudes towards politics and political participation. Moreover, the respondents were asked about their conceptions of the country's future and social development. Trust in institutions was studied by asking how much the respondents trust the church, armed forces, judicial system, the press, the police, trade unions, the political system as a whole, etc. On the other hand, the respondents were asked how they support various social movements like environmental movement, movement against nuclear energy and women's movement. In relation to their moral conceptions, the respondents were asked about several things, for instance, about using public transport without a ticket, using drugs, prostitution, suicide, and euthanasia. The respondents' conceptions about citizens of various countries were also asked about.

Background variables included the respondent's gender, year of birth, age, education, occupational group, occupational status, industry of employment, type of employer, size of the organisation, economic activity and occupational status of the household head, type of neighbourhood in childhood, number of household members, nationality of the respondent, spouse, and the parents, the respondent's political inclination, membership in a political party, political party preference, region of residence, and size of the municipality of residence.

Soviet Union Soviet Socialist Republic of Russia Individual Individual Persons over 18 years of age living in the area of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Russia Quantitative Longitudinal: Trend/Repeated cross-section Longitudinal.TrendRepeatedCrossSection Institut sravnitel'nyh social'nyh issledovanij Probability: Cluster Probability.Cluster

Multistage cluster sampling.

Face-to-face interview Interview.FaceToFace Structured questionnaire Questionnaire.Structured There are no weight variables in the data. Detailed and specific data description in Finnish and English. The data are checked and processed in detail. If necessary, the data are anonymised. Finnish Social Science Data Archive The dataset is (B) available for research, teaching and study. The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. Notify FSD of all publications where you have used the data by sending the citation information to user-services.fsd@tuni.fi. The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data. The original id variable was removed from the data during archiving. Kääriäinen, Kimmo & Furman, Dmitri (1997). Verujushchie, ateisty i prochie: evoljucija rossijskoj religioznosti. Voprosy filosofii, 1997:6. Verujushchie, ateisty i prochie: evoljucija rossijskoj religioznosti Kääriäinen, Kimmo & Furman, Dmitri (1999). Ljudi na tajushcheij l'dine. Voprosy filosofii, 1999:1 Ljudi na tajushcheij l'dine Kääriäinen, Kimmo (1992). Ateistische Ideologie während und nach dem Ende der Perestrojka. Aktuelle Analysen, 13/1992. Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien. Köln. Ateistische Ideologie während und nach dem Ende der Perestrojka Kääriäinen, Kimmo (1992). Religiosität in der ehemaligen Sowjetunion. Aktuelle Analysen, 47/1992. Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien. Köln. Religiosität in der ehemaligen Sowjetunion Kääriäinen, Kimmo (1995). Die Ethik-Diskussion in Russland. Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 56/1995. Köln. Die Ethik-Diskussion in Russland Kääriäinen, Kimmo (1995). Religiosität in Russland. Aktuelle Analysen, 26/1995. Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien. Köln. Religiosität in Russland Kääriäinen, Kimmo (1996). Massovoe soznanie v periode transformacii. Transformacionnye processy v Rossii i vostochnoj Evrope i ih otrazhenie v massovom soznanii. RNISiNP. Moskva. Massovoe soznanie v periode transformacii. Transformacionnye processy v Rossii i vostochnoj Evrope i ih otrazhenie v massovom soznanii Kääriäinen, Kimmo (1997). Moral crisis or immoral society: Russian values after the collapse of communism. Berichte des Bundesinstituts für ostwissenschaftliche und internationale Studien, 26/1997. Moral crisis or immoral society: Russian values after the collapse of communism Kääriäinen, Kimmo (1998). Religion in Russia after the collapse of communism. Lewiston (N.Y.): Mellen Press Religion in Russia after the collapse of communism Kääriäinen, Kimmo (1999). Religion and the Russian elite. In: Religion and social transition (ed. Eila Helander). Helsinki: University of Helsinki. Publications of the Department of Practical Theology; 95. Religion and the Russian elite Kääriäinen, Kimmo (1999). Religiousness in Russia after the collapse of communism. Social Compass 46(1), 1999. Religiousness in Russia after the collapse of communism Kääriäinen, Kimmo (2000). Is a shared religion possible in Russia? - In: Beyond the mainstream: the emergence of religious pluralism in Finland, Estonia and Russia (ed. Jeffry Kapplan). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. Is a shared religion possible in Russia? Kääriäinen, Kimmo (2002). Uskonto Venäjällä - tulevaisuutta menneisyydestä. Futura 3/2001: 68-74. Uskonto Venäjällä - tulevaisuutta menneisyydestä Kääriäinen, Kimmo (2004). Ateismin jälkeen. Uskonnollisuus Venäjällä. Jyväskylä: Gummerus. Kirkon tutkimuskeskuksen julkaisuja; 86. Ateismin jälkeen. Uskonnollisuus Venäjällä Religious Transition in Russia (2000). Ed. Matti Kotiranta. Helsinki. Kikimora Publications; B:15. Religious Transition in Russia Starye cerkvi, novye verujushchie: religija v massovom soznanii postsovetskoj Rossii (2000). Red. Kimmo Kaariainen & Dmitri Furman. Moskva - Sankt-Peterburg. Starye cerkvi, novye verujushchie: religija v massovom soznanii postsovetskoj Rossii daf1092e.nsf 1961 369 NSDstat 9900 Please say, for each of the following, how important it is in your life. I am going to read out some statements about the environment. For each one read out, can you tell me whether you agree strongly, agree, disagree or strongly disagree? Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say, which, if any, do you belong to? Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organisations and activities and say, which, if any, are you currently doing unpaid voluntary work for? Thinking about your reasons for doing voluntary work, please use the following five point scale to indicate how important each of the reasons below have been in your own case. (Where 1 is unimportant and 5 is very important) On the list are various groups of people. Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbors? We are interested in the way people are feeling these days. During the past few weeks, did you ever feel... Here are some aspects of a job that people say are important. Please look at them and tell me which ones you personally think are important in a job? Here are some statements about why people work. Irrespective of whether you have a job, or not, which of them comes closest to what you think? I am going to read out some statements about the scarcity of jobs. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I am going to read out a list of statements about the meaning of life. Please indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of them. Do you personally think it is important to hold a religious service for any of the following events? Generally speaking, do you think that your church is/the churches are giving, in your country, adequate answers to... Do you think it is proper for churches to speak out on... Which, if any, of the following do you believe in? Do/did you and your partner share any of the following? And how about your parents? Do (did) you and your parents share any of the following? Here is a list of things which some people think make for a successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you think it is very important, rather important or not very important for a successful marriage? People talk about the changing roles of men and women today, For each of the following statements I read out, can you tell me how much you agree with each. Please use the responses on this card. Here is a list of qualities which children can be encouraged to learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially important? Please choose up to five. Do you approve or disapprove of abortion under the the following circumstances? Now I'd like you to look at this card. I'm going to read out some different forms of political action that people can take, and I'd like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have actually done any of these things, whether you might do it or would never, under any circumstances, do it. Now I'd like you to tell me your views on various issues. How would you place your views on this scale? Here is a list of various changes in our way of life that might take place in the near future. Please tell me for each one, if it were to happen whether you think it would be a good thing, a bad thing, or don't you mind? Please look at this card and tell me, for each item listed, how much confidence you have in them, is it a great deal, quite a lot, not very much or none at all? There are a number of groups and movements looking for public support. For each of the following movements, which I read out, can you tell me whether you approve or disapprove of this movement? (Read out and code one answer for each) Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between, using this card. To which of these geographical groups presented in the card do you find yourself primarily belonging? Now I want to ask you some questions about your outlook on life. Each card I show you has two contrasting statements on it. Using the scale listed, could you tell me where you would place your own view? 1 means you agree completely with the statement on the left, 10 means you agree completely with the statement on the right, or you can choose any number in between. A variety of characteristics are listed here. Could you take a look at them and select those which apply to you? I am going to read out some statements about the government and the economy. For each one, could you tell me how much you agree or disagree? Please use the responses on this card. I now want to ask you how much you trust the following groups of people: Using the responses on this card, could you tell me how much you trust... (Read out each and code one answer for each) In which profession/industry do you or did you work? [fsd_no] FSD study number FSD study number 1961 1092 1092 1092 0 1092 1961 [fsd_vr] FSD edition number FSD edition number 1961 3 3 3 0 [fsd_id] FSD case id FSD case id 1961 1 1961 981 566.236 [bv1] Urban-rural City: urban - rural? 1961 1 2 1 Urban 1557 2 Rural 404 0 No answer 0 [q116_a] Work-how important is it in your life Work 1941 1 9 1 Very important 873 2 Quite important 710 3 Not very important 240 4 Not at all important 76 9 D.K. 42 0 No answer 20 [q116_b] Family-how important is it in your life Family 1947 1 9 1 Very important 1518 2 Quite important 340 3 Not very important 49 4 Not at all important 16 9 D.K. 24 0 No answer 14 [q116_c] Friends-how important is it in your life Friends 1929 1 9 1 Very important 559 2 Quite important 910 3 Not very important 401 4 Not at all important 42 9 D.K. 17 0 No answer 32 [q116_d] Leisure time-how important is it in your life Leisure time 1929 1 9 1 Very important 541 2 Quite important 811 3 Not very important 442 4 Not at all important 81 9 D.K. 54 0 No answer 32 [q116_e] Politics-how important is it in your life Politics 1932 1 9 1 Very important 215 2 Quite important 484 3 Not very important 791 4 Not at all important 380 9 D.K. 62 0 No answer 29 [q116_f] Religion-how important is it in your life Religion 1339 1 4 0 No answer 0 1 Very important 217 2 Quite important 400 3 Not very important 126 4 Not at all important 596 9 D.K. 0 5 622 [q122] Do you discuss political matters with friends When you get together with your friends, would you say you discuss political matters frequently, occasionally or never? 1943 1 9 1 Frequently 621 2 Occasionally 977 3 Never 322 9 D.K. 23 0 No answer 18 [q123] Do you persuade others to share your views Do you persuade others to share your views? 1950 1 9 1 Often 422 2 From time to time 643 3 Rarely 442 4 Never 386 9 D.K. 57 0 No answer 11 [q124_a] I would give part of my income to prevent pollution I would give part of my income if I were certain that the money would be used to prevent environmental pollution. 1952 1 9 1 Strongly agree 489 2 Agree 973 3 Disagree 348 4 Strongly disagree 72 9 D.K. 70 0 No answer 9 [q124_b] Agree to extra taxes to prevent pollution I would agree to an increase in taxes if the extra money is used to prevent environmental pollution. 1947 1 9 1 Strongly agree 302 2 Agree 927 3 Disagree 505 4 Strongly disagree 118 9 D.K. 95 0 No answer 14 [q124_c] Reduction of pollution should not cost me any money The Government has to reduce environmental pollution but it should not cost me any money. 1952 1 9 1 Strongly agree 378 2 Agree 522 3 Disagree 860 4 Strongly disagree 88 9 D.K. 104 0 No answer 9 [q124_d] All the talk about pollution makes people too anxious All the talk about pollution makes people too anxious. 1943 1 9 1 Strongly agree 125 2 Agree 371 3 Disagree 980 4 Strongly disagree 404 9 D.K. 63 0 No answer 18 [q124_e] We will accept pollution to combat unemployment If we want to combat unemployment in this country, we shall just have to accept environmental problems. 1945 1 9 1 Strongly agree 57 2 Agree 187 3 Disagree 1068 4 Strongly disagree 478 9 D.K. 155 0 No answer 16 [q124_f] Protecting environment is not urgent Protecting the environment and fighting pollution is less urgent than often suggested. 1947 1 9 1 Strongly agree 63 2 Agree 153 3 Disagree 1021 4 Strongly disagree 626 9 D.K. 84 0 No answer 14 [q130] Are you happy? Taking all things together, would you say you are... 1911 1 9 1 Very happy 104 2 Quite happy 822 3 Not very happy 776 4 Not at all happy 68 9 D.K. 141 0 No answer 50 [q131_a] Do you belong to social welfare services Social welfare services 1961 0 1 0 No 1917 1 Yes 44 9 D.K. 0 [q131_b] Do you belong to religious organisations Religious or church organisations 1961 0 1 0 No 1938 1 Yes 23 9 D.K. 0 [q131_c] Do you participate in cultural activities Education, arts, music or cultural activities 1961 0 1 0 No 1864 1 Yes 97 9 D.K. 0 [q131_d] Do you belong to trade unions Trade unions 1961 0 1 0 No 751 1 Yes 1210 9 D.K. 0 [q131_e] Do you belong to political parties Political parties or groups 1961 0 1 0 No 1740 1 Yes 221 9 D.K. 0 [q131_f] Do you belong to local community action Local community action 1961 0 1 0 No 1912 1 Yes 49 9 D.K. 0 [q131_g] Do you belong to human rights organisation Human rights organisation 1961 0 1 0 No 1954 1 Yes 7 9 D.K. 0 [q131_h] Do you belong to ecology movements Ecology movements 1961 0 1 0 No 1928 1 Yes 33 9 D.K. 0 [q131_i] Do you belong to professional associations Professional associations 1961 0 1 0 No 1926 1 Yes 35 9 D.K. 0 [q131_j] Do you belong to youth organisations Youth organisations 1961 0 1 0 No 1902 1 Yes 59 9 D.K. 0 [q131_k] Do you belong to sports clubs Sports or recreation 1961 0 1 0 No 1858 1 Yes 103 9 D.K. 0 [q131_l] Do you belong to women's groups Women's groups 1961 0 1 0 No 1917 1 Yes 44 9 D.K. 0 [q131_m] Do you belong to peace movement Peace movement 1961 0 1 0 No 1941 1 Yes 20 9 D.K. 0 [q131_n] Do you belong to animal right movement Animal rights movement 1961 0 1 0 No 1940 1 Yes 21 9 D.K. 0 [q131_o] Do you belong to health organisation Voluntary organisations concerned with health 1961 0 1 0 No 1942 1 Yes 19 9 D.K. 0 [q131_p] Do you belong to other groups Other groups 1961 0 1 0 No 1918 1 Yes 43 9 D.K. 0 [q131_q] Don't belong to any organisation None 1961 0 1 0 Belong to some 1459 1 Dont belong to any 502 9 D.K. 0 [q131_r] Don't know Don't know 1961 0 9 0 No 1945 1 Yes 0 9 D.K. 16 [q149_a] Do unpaid work for social welfare services Social welfare services 1961 0 1 0 No 1936 1 Yes 25 9 D.K. 0 [q149_b] Do unpaid work for religious organisations Religious or church organisations 1961 0 1 0 No 1942 1 Yes 19 9 D.K. 0 [q149_c] Do unpaid work for cultural activities Education, arts, music or cultural activities 1961 0 1 0 No 1910 1 Yes 51 9 D.K. 0 [q149_d] Do unpaid work for trade unions Trade unions 1961 0 1 0 No 1792 1 Yes 169 9 D.K. 0 [q149_e] Do unpaid work for political parties Political parties or groups 1961 0 1 0 No 1872 1 Yes 89 9 D.K. 0 [q149_f] Do unpaid work for local community action Local community action 1961 0 1 0 No 1922 1 Yes 39 9 D.K. 0 [q149_g] Do unpaid work for human rights organisation Human rights organisation 1961 0 1 0 No 1954 1 Yes 7 9 D.K. 0 [q149_h] Do unpaid work for ecology movements Ecology movements 1961 0 1 0 No 1933 1 Yes 28 9 D.K. 0 [q149_i] Do unpaid work for professional associations Professional associations 1961 0 1 0 No 1944 1 Yes 17 9 D.K. 0 [q149_j] Do unpaid work for youth organisations Youth organisations 1961 0 1 0 No 1910 1 Yes 51 9 D.K. 0 [q149_k] Do unpaid work for sports organisations Sports or recreation 1961 0 1 0 No 1901 1 Yes 60 9 D.K. 0 [q149_l] Do unpaid work for women's groups Women's groups 1961 0 1 0 No 1932 1 Yes 29 9 D.K. 0 [q149_m] Do unpaid work for peace movement Peace movement 1961 0 1 0 No 1941 1 Yes 20 9 D.K. 0 [q149_n] Do unpaid work for animal rights movement Animal rights movement 1961 0 1 0 No 1947 1 Yes 14 9 D.K. 0 [q149_o] Do unpaid work for health organisation Voluntary organisations concerned with health 1961 0 1 0 No 1945 1 Yes 16 9 D.K. 0 [q149_p] Do unpaid work for other groups Other groups 1961 0 1 0 No 1915 1 Yes 46 9 D.K. 0 [q149_t] Don't do any unpaid work None 1961 0 1 0 Do 612 1 Dont do 1349 9 D.K. 0 [q149_u] Don't know Don't know 1961 0 9 0 No 1924 1 Yes 0 9 D.K. 37 [q167_a] Sense of solidarity with the poor A sense of solidarity with the poor and disadvantaged 525 1 9 1 Unimportant 70 2 52 3 130 4 100 5 Very important 127 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 46 0 No answer 55 SYSMISS 1381 [q167_b] Compassion for those in need Compassion for those in need 524 1 9 1 Unimportant 40 2 52 3 113 4 126 5 Very important 159 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 34 0 No answer 56 SYSMISS 1381 [q167_c] Opportunity to give something back An opportunity to repay something, give something back 520 1 9 1 Unimportant 82 2 49 3 92 4 81 5 Very important 151 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 65 0 No answer 60 SYSMISS 1381 [q167_d] Sense of duty A sense of duty, moral obligation 525 1 9 1 Unimportant 35 2 29 3 71 4 128 5 Very important 236 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 26 0 No answer 55 SYSMISS 1381 [q167_e] Identifying with suffering people Identifying with people who were suffering 521 1 9 1 Unimportant 63 2 63 3 119 4 117 5 Very important 90 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 69 0 No answer 59 SYSMISS 1381 [q167_f] Want something worthwhile to do Time on my hands, wanted something worthwhile to do 520 1 9 1 Unimportant 100 2 56 3 77 4 121 5 Very important 130 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 36 0 No answer 60 SYSMISS 1381 [q167_g] Personal satisfaction Purely for personal satisfaction 520 1 9 1 Unimportant 203 2 62 3 82 4 71 5 Very important 60 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 42 0 No answer 60 SYSMISS 1381 [q167_h] Religious beliefs Religious beliefs 520 1 9 1 Unimportant 315 2 62 3 36 4 29 5 Very important 34 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 44 0 No answer 60 SYSMISS 1381 [q167_i] To help give disadvantaged people hope and dignity To help give disadvantaged people hope and dignity 515 1 9 1 Unimportant 93 2 56 3 122 4 98 5 Very important 94 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 52 0 No answer 65 SYSMISS 1381 [q167_j] Contribution to local community To make a contribution to my local community 521 1 9 1 Unimportant 65 2 34 3 91 4 136 5 Very important 165 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 30 0 No answer 59 SYSMISS 1381 [q167_k] To bring about social or political change To bring about social or political change 524 1 9 1 Unimportant 70 2 36 3 79 4 117 5 Very important 192 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 30 0 No answer 56 SYSMISS 1381 [q167_l] For social reasons For social reasons, to meet people 527 1 9 1 Unimportant 50 2 31 3 86 4 119 5 Very important 223 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 18 0 No answer 53 SYSMISS 1381 [q167_m] To gain new skills To gain new skills and useful experience 521 1 9 1 Unimportant 63 2 44 3 71 4 133 5 Very important 176 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 34 0 No answer 59 SYSMISS 1381 [q167_n] Could not refuse Did not want to, but could not refuse 511 1 9 1 Unimportant 199 2 59 3 88 4 56 5 Very important 45 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 64 0 No answer 69 SYSMISS 1381 [q216_a] People with a criminal record People with a criminal record 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 1234 2 Not mentioned 727 [q216_b] People of a different race People of a different race 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 210 2 Not mentioned 1751 [q216_c] Left wing extremists Left wing extremists 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 803 2 Not mentioned 1158 [q216_d] Heavy drinkers Heavy drinkers 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 1601 2 Not mentioned 360 [q216_e] Right wing extremists Right wing extremists 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 794 2 Not mentioned 1167 [q216_f] People with large families People with large families 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 242 2 Not mentioned 1719 [q216_g] Emotionally unstable people Emotionally unstable people 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 1007 2 Not mentioned 954 [q216_h] Muslims Muslims 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 303 2 Not mentioned 1658 [q216_i] Immigrants Immigrants/foreign workers 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 231 2 Not mentioned 1730 [q216_j] People who have AIDS People who have AIDS 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 1333 2 Not mentioned 628 [q216_k] Drug addicts Drug addicts 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 1687 2 Not mentioned 274 [q216_l] Homosexuals Homosexuals 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 1579 2 Not mentioned 382 [q216_m] Jews Jews 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 246 2 Not mentioned 1715 [q216_n] People of different nationalities People of different nationalities 1961 1 2 1 Mentioned 117 2 Not mentioned 1844 [q230] How would you describe your health All in all, how would you describe your state of health these days? Would you say it was... 1931 1 9 1 Very good 73 2 Good 430 3 Fair 1071 4 Poor 296 5 Very poor 44 9 D.K. 17 0 No answer 30 [q231_a] Did you feel excited Particularly excited or interested in something? 1911 1 2 1 Yes 771 2 No 1140 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 50 [q231_b] Did you feel restless So restless you couldn't sit long in a chair? 1904 1 2 1 Yes 626 2 No 1278 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 57 [q231_c] Did you feel proud Proud because someone had complimented you on something you had done? 1899 1 2 1 Yes 404 2 No 1495 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 62 [q231_d] Did you feel lonely Very lonely or remote from other people? 1908 1 2 1 Yes 463 2 No 1445 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 53 [q231_e] Did you feel pleased Pleased about having accomplished something? 1901 1 2 1 Yes 1007 2 No 894 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 60 [q231_f] Did you feel bored Bored? 1912 1 2 1 Yes 681 2 No 1231 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 49 [q231_g] Did you feel on top of the world On top ot the world/feeling that life is wonderful? 1893 1 2 1 Yes 278 2 No 1615 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 68 [q231_h] Did you feel depressed Depressed or very unhappy? 1900 1 2 1 Yes 525 2 No 1375 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 61 [q231_i] Did you feel things were going the way you wanted That things were going the way you wanted? 1903 1 2 1 Yes 990 2 No 913 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 58 [q231_j] Did you feel upset Upset because someone criticised you? 1890 1 2 1 Yes 505 2 No 1385 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 71 [q241] Would you say most people can be trusted Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can't be too careful in dealing with people? 1948 1 9 1 Most can be trusted 681 2 Should be careful 1137 9 Don't know 130 0 No answer 13 [q242] How much freedom of choice you have Some people feel they have completely free choice and control over their lives, and other people feel that what they do has no real effect on what happens to them. Please use the scale to indicate how much freedom of choice and control you feel you have over the way your life turns out. 1954 1 99 1 None at all 88 2 59 3 98 4 143 5 362 6 228 7 243 8 265 9 120 10 A great deal 229 99 D.K. 119 0 No answer 7 [q244_a] How satisfied are you with your life All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days? Please use this card to help with your answer. 1954 1 99 1 Dissatisfied 153 2 71 3 214 4 187 5 446 6 238 7 203 8 205 9 68 10 Satisfied 125 99 D.K. 44 0 No answer 7 [q244_b] How satisfied were you 5 years ago Looking five years back, how satisfied were you with your life then? Use the same scale than before. 1953 1 99 1 Dissatisfied 77 2 63 3 117 4 141 5 272 6 207 7 266 8 331 9 150 10 Satisfied 221 99 D.K. 108 0 No answer 8 [q244_c] How satisfied do you expect to be in 5 years? And how satisfied do you expect to be in 5 years? 1956 1 99 1 Dissatisfied 95 2 80 3 124 4 86 5 164 6 110 7 167 8 189 9 154 10 Satisfied 240 99 D.K. 547 0 No answer 5 [q246] Most important reason for poverty Why are there people in this country who live in need? Here are four possible reasons. Which one reason do you consider to be the most important? 1952 1 9 1 Because they are unlucky 180 2 Because of laziness and lack of willpower 642 3 Because of injustice in our society 945 4 It's an inevitable part of modern progress 95 5 None of these 21 9 Don't know 69 0 No answer 9 [q247] Second most important reason for poverty And which reason do you consider to be the second most important? 1904 1 9 1 Because they are unlucky 327 2 Because of laziness and lack of willpower 521 3 Because of injustice in our society 530 4 It's an inevitable part of modern progress 245 5 None of these 62 9 Don't know 219 0 No answer 57 [q248_a] Good pay Good pay 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 340 1 Mentioned 1621 9 D.K. 0 [q248_b] Pleasant people Pleasant people to work with 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 563 1 Mentioned 1398 9 D.K. 0 [q248_c] Not too much pressure Not too much pressure 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1586 1 Mentioned 375 9 D.K. 0 [q248_d] Good job security Good job security 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1212 1 Mentioned 749 9 D.K. 0 [q248_e] Chances for promotion Good chances for promotion 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1624 1 Mentioned 337 9 D.K. 0 [q248_f] Respected job A job respected by people in general 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1177 1 Mentioned 784 9 D.K. 0 [q248_g] Good hours Good hours 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1054 1 Mentioned 907 9 D.K. 0 [q248_h] Opportunity to use initiative An opportunity to use initiative 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1402 1 Mentioned 559 9 D.K. 0 [q248_i] Usefulness for society A useful job for society 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1019 1 Mentioned 942 9 D.K. 0 [q248_j] Generous holidays Generous holidays 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1123 1 Mentioned 838 9 D.K. 0 [q248_k] Meeting people Meeting people 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1435 1 Mentioned 526 9 D.K. 0 [q248_l] Possibility to achieve something A job in which you feel you can achieve something 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1419 1 Mentioned 542 9 D.K. 0 [q248_m] Responsible job A responsible job 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1558 1 Mentioned 403 9 D.K. 0 [q248_n] Interesting job A job that is interesting 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 650 1 Mentioned 1311 9 D.K. 0 [q248_o] Meets one's abilities A job that meets one's abilities 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 895 1 Mentioned 1066 9 D.K. 0 [q248_p] None of these None of these 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1933 1 Mentioned 28 9 D.K. 0 [q264] Employment status Employment status 1961 1 8 0 No answer 0 1 Working 1350 2 Serve in army, police 0 3 Temporarily not working 0 4 Pensioner 366 5 Housewife 126 6 Searching for a job 82 7 Studying full time 15 8 Other 22 9 D.K. 0 [q265] Proud of work How much pride, if any, do you take in the work that you do? 1341 1 9 1 A great deal 242 2 Some 571 3 Little 223 4 None 256 9 D.K. 49 0 No answer 9 SYSMISS 611 [q266] How satisfied are you with your job Overall, how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with your job? 1345 1 99 1 Dissatisfied 68 2 36 3 77 4 114 5 244 6 137 7 182 8 198 9 88 10 Satisfied 179 99 D.K. 22 0 No answer 5 SYSMISS 611 [q268] How free are you to make decisions How free are you to make decisions in your job? Please use this card to indicate how much decision-making freedom you feel you have. 1343 1 99 1 None at all 163 2 86 3 132 4 92 5 185 6 108 7 140 8 161 9 83 10 A great deal 134 99 D.K. 59 0 No answer 7 SYSMISS 611 [q270_1] Work is business transaction Work is like a business transaction. The more I get paid, the more I do; the less I get paid, the less I do. 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1506 1 Mentioned 455 9 D.K. 0 [q270_2] I always do the best I can I will always do the best I can regardless of pay. 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1252 1 Mentioned 709 9 D.K. 0 [q270_3] Working is a necessity Working for a living is a necessity; I wouldn't work if I didn't have to. 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1387 1 Mentioned 574 9 D.K. 0 [q270_4] I do not let work interfere with my life I enjoy working but I don't let it interfere with the rest of my life. 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1521 1 Mentioned 440 9 D.K. 0 [q270_5] Work is the most important thing I enjoy my work; it's the most important thing in my life. 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1686 1 Mentioned 275 9 D.K. 0 [q270_6] I have never had a paid job I have never had a paid job. 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1953 1 Mentioned 8 9 D.K. 0 [q270_9] Don't know Don't know. 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1897 1 Mentioned 64 9 D.K. 0 [q277] Two secretaries Imagine two secretaries, of the same age, doing practically the same job. One finds out that the other earns 2000 rubles a week more that she does. The better paid secretary, however, is quicker, more efficient and more reliable at her job. In your opinion, is it fair or not fair that one secretary is paid more than the other? 1943 1 9 1 Fair 1777 2 Unfair 114 9 D.K. 52 0 No answer 18 [q278] Opinion about leadership and management There is a lot of discussion about how business and industry should be managed. Which of these four statements comes closest to your opinion? 1955 1 9 1 The owners should run their business 201 2 The owners and the employees should participate in the selection of managers 322 3 The State should be the owner 214 4 The employees should own the business and should elect the managers 1035 9 D.K. 183 0 No answer 6 [q279] Opinion about management orders People have different ideas about following instructions at work. Some say that one should follow instructions of one's superiors even when one does not fully agree with them. Others say that one should follow one's superior's instructions only when one is convinced that they are right. Which of these two opinions do you agree with? 1958 1 9 1 Should follow instructions 355 2 Must be convinced first 1063 3 Depends 478 9 D.K. 62 0 No answer 3 [q316_a] Men have more right to a job When jobs are scarce, men have more right to a job than women. 1956 1 9 1 Agree 744 2 Disagree 1012 3 Neither 103 9 D.K. 97 0 No answer 5 [q316_b] People should be forced to retire early When jobs are scarce, people should be forced to retire early. 1952 1 9 1 Agree 1174 2 Disagree 570 3 Neither 83 9 D.K. 125 0 No answer 9 [q316_c] Priority should be given to native people When jobs are scarce, employers should give priority to native people over immigrants. 1953 1 9 1 Agree 1157 2 Disagree 573 3 Neither 118 9 D.K. 105 0 No answer 8 [q316_d] Unfair to give work to handicapped people It is unfair to give work to handicapped people when able-bodied people can't find jobs. 1950 1 9 1 Agree 744 2 Disagree 857 3 Neither 153 9 D.K. 196 0 No answer 11 [q320] How satisfied are you with your family's financial situation How satisfied are you with the financial situation of your household? 1940 1 99 1 Dissatisfied 243 2 112 3 229 4 201 5 382 6 223 7 174 8 168 9 56 10 Satisfied 126 99 D.K. 26 0 No answer 21 [q322] Do you think about the purpose of life How often, if at all, do you think about the meaning and purpose of life? 1961 1 9 0 No answer 0 1 Often 788 2 Sometimes 725 3 Rarely 289 4 Never 128 9 D.K. 31 [q323] Do you think about death Do you ever think about death? Would you say... 1960 1 9 1 Often 354 2 Sometimes 693 3 Rarely 545 4 Never 343 9 D.K. 25 0 No answer 1 [q324_a] God exists Life is meaningful only because God exists. 1766 1 3 1 Agree 387 2 Disagree 252 3 Neither 1127 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 195 [q324_b] To get the best out of life The meaning of life is that you try to get the best out of it. 1929 1 9 1 Agree 623 2 Disagree 993 3 Neither 174 9 D.K. 139 0 No answer 32 [q324_c] Pointless to worry about death Death is inevitable, it is pointless to worry about it. 1933 1 9 1 Agree 1336 2 Disagree 397 3 Neither 72 9 D.K. 128 0 No answer 28 [q324_d] Death has a meaning if you believe in God Death has a meaning only if you believe in God. 1920 1 9 1 Agree 355 2 Disagree 1126 3 Neither 146 9 D.K. 293 0 No answer 41 [q324_e] Death is a natural resting point If you have lived your life, death is a natural resting point. 1935 1 9 1 Agree 1671 2 Disagree 104 3 Neither 37 9 D.K. 123 0 No answer 26 [q324_f] Sorrow has a meaning if you believe in God In my opinion, sorrow and suffering only have meaning if you believe in God. 1923 1 9 1 Agree 288 2 Disagree 1230 3 Neither 133 9 D.K. 272 0 No answer 38 [q324_g] Life has no meaning Life has no meaning. 1918 1 9 1 Agree 88 2 Disagree 1667 3 Neither 50 9 D.K. 113 0 No answer 43 [q331] Opinion about good and evil Here are two statements which people sometimes make when discussing good and evil. Which one comes closest to your own point of view? A. There are absolutely clear guidelines about what is good and evil. These always apply to everyone, whatever the circumstances. B. There can never be absolutely clear guidelines about what is good and evil. What is good and evil depends entirely upon the circumstances at the time. 1946 1 9 1 Agree with statement A 540 2 Agree with statement B 1103 3 Disagree with both 109 9 D.K. 194 0 No answer 15 [q332] Do you belong to religious denomination Do you belong to a religious denomination? 808 1 2 1 Yes 670 2 No 138 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 27 3 1126 [q333] Which denomination If answered yes Which one? 630 1 9 1 Orthodox 541 2 Baptist 3 3 Adventist 1 4 Old Believer 1 5 Catholic 6 6 Muslim 62 7 Jewish 1 8 Buddhist 4 9 Don't know 11 0 No answer 40 SYSMISS 1291 [q334] Were you ever a member of a religious denomination Were you ever a member of a religious denomination? Which one? 75 1 9 1 Orthodox 30 2 Baptist 0 3 Adventist 1 4 Old Believer 0 5 Catholic 0 6 Muslim 1 7 Jewish 0 8 Buddhist 0 9 Don't know 43 0 No answer 1214 SYSMISS 672 [q335] Were you brought up religiously Ask all Were you brought up religiously at home? 402 1 2 1 Yes 359 2 No 43 3 1559 [q336] How often do you attend religious services Apart from weddings, funerals and christenings, about how often do you attend religious services these days? 1953 1 8 1 More than once a week 16 2 Once a week 20 3 Once a month 81 4 Christmas/Easter day 94 5 Other holy days 60 6 More than once a year 197 7 Once a year 335 8 Less often 1150 9 Never 0 0 No answer 8 [q337_a] Is it important to hold service for birth Birth? 1580 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 1321 2 No 259 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 3 381 [q337_b] Is it important to hold service for marriage Marriage? 1343 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 1020 2 No 323 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 3 618 [q337_c] Is it important to hold service for death Death? 1529 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 1252 2 No 277 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 3 432 [q340] Are you: Independently of whether you go to church or not, would you say you are... If the respondent is religious or wavering, ask the following question. 1831 1 4 0 No answer 0 1 Religious 467 2 Wavering 551 3 Not a believer 143 4 Atheist 670 8 Other 0 9 D.K. 0 5 130 [q341_a] Church gives answers to moral problems The moral problems and needs of the individual 995 1 9 1 Yes 729 2 No 102 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 164 0 No answer 23 SYSMISS 943 [q341_b] Church gives answers to family problems The problems of family life 993 1 9 1 Yes 598 2 No 210 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 185 0 No answer 25 SYSMISS 943 [q341_c] Church gives answers to spiritual needs People's spiritual needs 997 1 9 1 Yes 777 2 No 69 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 151 0 No answer 21 SYSMISS 943 [q341_d] Church gives answers to social problems The social problems facing our country today 986 1 9 1 Yes 435 2 No 294 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 257 0 No answer 32 SYSMISS 943 [q345_a] Disarmament Disarmament 1906 1 9 1 Yes 1508 2 No 195 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 203 0 No answer 55 [q345_b] Abortion Abortion 1899 1 9 1 Yes 999 2 No 501 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 399 0 No answer 62 [q345_c] Third World problems Third World problems 1884 1 9 1 Yes 859 2 No 367 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 658 0 No answer 77 [q345_d] Extramarital affairs Extramarital affairs 1885 1 9 1 Yes 1078 2 No 460 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 347 0 No answer 76 [q345_e] Unemployment Unemployment 1882 1 9 1 Yes 1166 2 No 322 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 394 0 No answer 79 [q345_f] Racial discrimination Racial discrimination 1885 1 9 1 Yes 1197 2 No 264 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 424 0 No answer 76 [q345_g] Euthanasia Euthanasia 1886 1 9 1 Yes 935 2 No 500 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 451 0 No answer 75 [q345_h] Homosexuality Homosexuality 1892 1 9 1 Yes 953 2 No 469 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 470 0 No answer 69 [q345_i] Ecology issues Ecology and environmental issues 1894 1 9 1 Yes 1575 2 No 110 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 209 0 No answer 67 [q345_j] Government policy Government policy 1894 1 9 1 Yes 1050 2 No 435 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 409 0 No answer 67 [q355_a] Do you believe in God God 1074 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 691 2 No 383 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 3 887 [q355_b] Do you believe in life after death Life after death 694 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 342 2 No 352 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 3 1267 [q355_c] Do you believe in the existence of soul A soul 1218 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 872 2 No 346 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 3 743 [q355_d] Do you believe in the Devil The Devil 564 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 245 2 No 319 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 3 1397 [q355_e] Do you believe in hell Hell 604 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 266 2 No 338 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 3 1357 [q355_f] Do you believe in heaven Heaven 645 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 297 2 No 348 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 3 1316 [q355_g] Do you believe in sin Sin 1086 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 787 2 No 299 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 3 875 [q355_h] Do you believe in resurrection of the dead Resurrection of the dead 449 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 138 2 No 311 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 3 1512 [q355_i] Do you believe in re-incarnation Re-incarnation 729 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 340 2 No 389 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 3 1232 [q364] Opinion about nature of God Which of these statements comes closest to your beliefs? 1961 1 4 0 No answer 0 1 Personal God 133 2 Spirit or life force 677 3 Don't know what to think 757 4 No God or life force 394 8 Other 0 9 D.K. 0 [q365] How important is God in your life And how important is God in your life? Please use this card to indicate - 10 means very important and 1 means not at all important. 1815 1 10 1 Not at all important 576 2 211 3 184 4 111 5 248 6 96 7 71 8 78 9 64 10 Very important 176 99 D.K. 0 0 No answer 146 [q367] Comfort from religion Do you find that you get comfort and strength from religion or not? 983 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 523 2 No 460 9 D.K. 0 3 978 [q368] Do you pray Do you take some moments of prayer, meditation or contemplation or something like that? 845 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Yes 648 2 No 197 9 D.K. 0 3 1116 [q369] How often do you pray to God How often do you pray to God outside of religious services? Would you say... 1961 1 5 0 No answer 0 1 Often 170 2 Not very often 152 3 Hardly ever 114 4 Only in times of crisis 252 5 Never 1273 9 D.K. 0 [q370] How satisfied are you with your family life Overall, how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with your family life? 1867 1 10 1 Dissatisfied 113 2 42 3 108 4 90 5 280 6 152 7 229 8 308 9 191 10 Satisfied 354 99 D.K. 0 0 No answer 94 [q372] Marital status What is your current legal marital status? 1958 1 6 1 Married 1339 2 Living as married 44 3 Divorced 195 4 Separated 114 5 Widowed 23 6 Single 243 0 No answer 3 [q373] Have you been married before Have you been married before? 1814 1 3 1 More than once 397 2 Only once 1067 3 Never 350 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 147 [q374_a] Does partner share religious attitudes Attitudes towards religion 1718 0 1 0 Not mentioned 894 1 Mentioned 824 7 Refused to answer 0 9 Don't know 0 SYSMISS 243 [q374_b] Does partner share moral standards Moral standards 1718 0 1 0 Not mentioned 612 1 Mentioned 1106 7 Refused to answer 0 9 Don't know 0 SYSMISS 243 [q374_c] Does partner share social attitudes Social attitudes 1718 0 1 0 Not mentioned 683 1 Mentioned 1035 7 Refused to answer 0 9 Don't know 0 SYSMISS 243 [q374_d] Does partner share political views Political attitudes 1718 0 1 0 Not mentioned 971 1 Mentioned 747 7 Refused to answer 0 9 Don't know 0 SYSMISS 243 [q374_e] Does partner share sexual attitudes Sexual attitudes 1718 0 1 0 Not mentioned 931 1 Mentioned 787 7 Refused to answer 0 9 Don't know 0 SYSMISS 243 [q416_a] Do parents share religious attitudes Attitudes towards religion 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 996 1 Mentioned 965 7 Refused to answer 0 9 Don't know 0 [q416_b] Do parents share moral standards Moral standards 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 733 1 Mentioned 1228 7 Refused to answer 0 9 Don't know 0 [q416_c] Do parents share social attitudes Social attitudes 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 966 1 Mentioned 995 7 Refused to answer 0 9 Don't know 0 [q416_d] Do parents share political views Political views 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1324 1 Mentioned 637 7 Refused to answer 0 9 Don't know 0 [q416_e] Do parents share sexual attitudes Sexual attitudes 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1693 1 Mentioned 268 7 Refused to answer 0 9 Don't know 0 [q423] Individuals can enjoy sexual freedom If someone said that individuals should have the chance to enjoy complete sexual freedom without being restricted, would you tend to agree or disagree? 1933 1 9 1 Tend to agree 281 2 Tend to disagree 1186 3 Neither 265 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 201 0 No answer 28 [q424_a] Faithfulness Faithfulness 1950 1 3 1 Very important 1505 2 Rather important 369 3 Not very important 76 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 11 [q424_b] Income An adequate income 1946 1 3 1 Very important 1047 2 Rather important 780 3 Not very important 119 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 15 [q424_c] Social background Being of the same social background 1917 1 3 1 Very important 169 2 Rather important 394 3 Not very important 1354 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 44 [q424_d] Mutual respect Mutual respect and appreciation 1942 1 3 1 Very important 1508 2 Rather important 393 3 Not very important 41 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 19 [q424_e] Shared religious beliefs Shared religious beliefs 1916 1 3 1 Very important 206 2 Rather important 332 3 Not very important 1378 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 45 [q424_f] Good housing Good housing 1934 1 3 1 Very important 990 2 Rather important 781 3 Not very important 163 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 27 [q424_g] Agreement on politics Agreement on politics 1907 1 3 1 Very important 154 2 Rather important 378 3 Not very important 1375 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 54 [q424_h] Tolerance Understanding and tolerance 1933 1 3 1 Very important 1297 2 Rather important 570 3 Not very important 66 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 28 [q424_i] Living apart from in-laws Living apart from your in-laws 1924 1 3 1 Very important 687 2 Rather important 683 3 Not very important 554 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 37 [q424_j] Sexual relationship Happy sexual relationship 1917 1 3 1 Very important 887 2 Rather important 761 3 Not very important 269 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 44 [q424_k] Sharing household chores Sharing household chores 1929 1 3 1 Very important 731 2 Rather important 944 3 Not very important 254 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 32 [q424_l] Children Children 1936 1 3 1 Very important 1546 2 Rather important 337 3 Not very important 53 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 25 [q424_m] Similar tastes Tastes and interests in common 1917 1 3 1 Very important 709 2 Rather important 940 3 Not very important 268 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 44 [q437] Do you have children Do you have children? 1961 0 9 0 None 361 1 One 535 2 Two 812 3 Three 172 4 Four 47 5 Five 17 6 Six 11 7 Seven 0 8 Eight or more 0 9 No answer 6 [q438] How many of them are living at home How many of them are still living at home? 1600 0 9 0 None 420 1 One 581 2 Two 496 3 Three 75 4 Four 9 5 Five 6 6 Six 0 7 Seven 0 8 Eight or more 0 9 No answer 13 SYSMISS 361 [q439] Ideal number of children What do you think is the ideal size of a family - how many children, if any? 1961 0 99 0 None 16 1 One 64 2 Two 818 3 Three 713 4 Four 98 5 Five 60 6 Six 14 7 Seven 6 8 Eight 1 9 Nine 2 10 Ten and more 27 99 Dont know 142 [q441] Child needs both parents If someone says a child needs a home with both a father and a mother to grow up happily, would you tend to agree or disagree? 1948 1 9 1 Tend to agree 1873 2 Tend to disagree 53 9 D.K. 22 0 No answer 13 [q442] Woman has to have children to be fulfilled Do you think that a woman has to have children in order to be fulfilled or is this not necessary? 1947 1 9 1 Needs children 1735 2 Not necessary 150 9 D.K. 62 0 No answer 14 [q443] Marriage is outdated Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Marriage is an outdated institution? 1945 1 9 1 Agree 259 2 Disagree 1523 9 D.K. 163 0 No answer 16 [q444] Woman wants to have a child without marriage If a woman wants to have a child as a single parent, but she doesn't want a stable relationship with a man, do you approve or disapprove? 1951 1 9 1 Approve 776 2 Disapprove 537 3 Depends 543 9 D.K. 95 0 No answer 10 [q445_a] Working mother can establish warm relations A working mother can establish just as warm and secure a relationship with her children as a mother who does not work. 1949 1 9 1 Strongly agree 406 2 Agree 800 3 Disagree 596 4 Strongly disagree 85 9 D.K. 62 0 No answer 12 [q445_b] Child suffers when mother works A pre-school child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works. 1947 1 9 1 Strongly agree 407 2 Agree 909 3 Disagree 536 4 Strongly disagree 33 9 D.K. 62 0 No answer 14 [q445_c] Most women want home and children A job is alright but what most women really want is a home and children. 1947 1 9 1 Strongly agree 590 2 Agree 1097 3 Disagree 157 4 Strongly disagree 9 9 D.K. 94 0 No answer 14 [q445_d] Being a housewife is fulfilling Being a housewife is just as fulfilling as working for pay. 1943 1 9 1 Strongly agree 577 2 Agree 1025 3 Disagree 242 4 Strongly disagree 14 9 D.K. 85 0 No answer 18 [q445_e] Job is the best way to be independent Having a job is the best way for a woman to be an independent person. 1944 1 9 1 Strongly agree 232 2 Agree 776 3 Disagree 671 4 Strongly disagree 60 9 D.K. 205 0 No answer 17 [q445_f] Both spouses should contribute to household income Both the husband and wife should contribute to household income. 1948 1 9 1 Strongly agree 519 2 Agree 971 3 Disagree 342 4 Strongly disagree 34 9 D.K. 82 0 No answer 13 [q451] One must always love parents Which of these two statements do you tend to agree with? The first one is: Regardless of what the qualities and faults of ones parents are, one must always love and respect them. And the second statement is: One does not have the duty to respect and love parents who have not earned it by their behaviour and attitudes. 1955 1 9 1 Agree with A 1385 2 Agree with B 444 9 D.K. 126 0 No answer 6 [q452] Parents' responsibilities for their children Which of the following statements best describes your views about parents, responsibilities for their children? 1951 1 9 1 Parents' duty is to do their best for their children even at the expense of their own well-being 938 2 Parents have a life of their own and should not be asked to sacrifice their own well-being for the sake of their children 640 3 Neither 255 9 D.K. 118 0 No answer 10 [q453_a] Good manners Good manners 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 837 1 Mentioned 1124 9 D.K. 0 [q453_b] Independence Independence 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1389 1 Mentioned 572 9 D.K. 0 [q453_c] Hard work Hard work 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 146 1 Mentioned 1815 9 D.K. 0 [q453_d] Feeling of responsibility Feeling of responsibility 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 598 1 Mentioned 1363 9 D.K. 0 [q453_e] Imagination Imagination 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1739 1 Mentioned 222 9 D.K. 0 [q453_f] Tolerance Tolerance and respect for other people 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 585 1 Mentioned 1376 9 D.K. 0 [q453_g] Thrift Thrift, saving money and things 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 767 1 Mentioned 1194 9 D.K. 0 [q453_h] Determination Determination, perseverance 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1183 1 Mentioned 778 9 D.K. 0 [q453_i] Religious faith Religious faith 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1804 1 Mentioned 157 9 D.K. 0 [q453_j] Unselfishness Unselfishness 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1491 1 Mentioned 470 9 D.K. 0 [q453_k] Obedience Obedience 1961 0 1 0 Not mentioned 1454 1 Mentioned 507 9 D.K. 0 [q465_a] Abortion when mother's health is at risk Where the mother's health is at risk by the pregnancy. 1930 1 2 1 Approve 1399 2 Disapprove 531 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 31 [q465_b] Abortion when child can be handicapped Where it is likely that the child would be born physically handicapped. 1932 1 2 1 Approve 1647 2 Disapprove 285 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 29 [q465_c] Abortion when woman is not married Where the woman is not married. 1898 1 2 1 Approve 826 2 Disapprove 1072 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 63 [q465_d] Abortion when a couple doesn't want a child Abortion when a couple doesn't want a child. 1927 1 2 1 Approve 1307 2 Disapprove 620 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 34 [q471] How interested are you in politics? How interested would you say you are in politics? 1959 1 9 1 Very interested 196 2 Somewhat interested 830 3 Not very interested 730 4 Not at all interested 192 9 D.K. 11 0 No answer 2 [q472_a] Signing a petition Signing a petition 1907 1 9 1 Have done 519 2 Might do 774 3 Would never do 463 9 D.K. 151 0 No answer 54 [q472_b] Joining in boycotts Joining in boycotts 1922 1 9 1 Have done 74 2 Might do 604 3 Would never do 991 9 D.K. 253 0 No answer 39 [q472_c] Attending lawful demonstrations Attending lawful demonstrations 1932 1 9 1 Have done 599 2 Might do 764 3 Would never do 451 9 D.K. 118 0 No answer 29 [q472_d] Joining unofficial strikes Joining unofficial strikes 1936 1 9 1 Have done 44 2 Might do 496 3 Would never do 1127 9 D.K. 269 0 No answer 25 [q472_e] Occupying buildings or factories Occupying buildings or factories 1927 1 9 1 Have done 13 2 Might do 199 3 Would never do 1429 9 D.K. 286 0 No answer 34 [q477] Which is more important - freedom or equality Which of these two statements comes closest to your own opinion? A. I find that both freedom and equality are important. But if I were to choose one or the other, I would consider personal freedom more important, that is, everyone can live in freedom and develop without hinderance. B. Certainly both freedom and equality are important. But if I were to choose one or the other, I would consider equality more important, that is, that nobody is underprivileged and that social class differences are not so strong. 1953 1 9 1 Freedom 777 2 Equality 828 3 Neither 110 9 D.K. 238 0 No answer 8 [q478] How would you place your views In political matters, people talk of 'the left' and 'the right'. How would you place your views on this scale, generally speaking? 1953 1 99 1 Left 67 2 60 3 145 4 120 5 555 6 118 7 50 8 45 9 10 10 Right 28 99 D.K. 755 0 No answer 8 [q480] Attitude towards change in society On this card are three basic kinds of attitudes vis-à-vis the society we live in. Please choose the one which best describes your own opinion. 1943 1 9 1 The entire way our society is organised must be radically changed by revolutionary action 293 2 Gradual reforms 829 3 Our present society must be valiantly defended against all subversive forces 581 9 D.K. 240 0 No answer 18 [q516_a] Opinion about equality of income Incomes should be made more equal - There should be greater incentives for individual effort 1948 1 99 1 Made more equal 70 2 41 3 81 4 70 5 240 6 152 7 264 8 288 9 122 10 Greater incentives for individual effort 416 99 D.K. 204 0 No answer 13 [q516_b] Ownership Private ownership of business and industry should be increased - Government ownership of business and industry should be increased 1948 1 99 1 Private ownership 213 2 95 3 153 4 121 5 367 6 118 7 174 8 173 9 84 10 Government ownership 275 99 D.K. 175 0 No answer 13 [q516_c] Responsibility Individuals should take more responsibility for providing for themselves - The state should take more responsibility to ensure that everyone is provided for 1952 1 99 1 People themselves 271 2 110 3 178 4 146 5 381 6 150 7 147 8 162 9 57 10 State 219 99 D.K. 131 0 No answer 9 [q516_d] Unemployed people People who are unemployed should have to take any job available or lose their unemployment benefits - People who are unemployed should have the right to refuse a job they do not want 1944 1 99 1 Take any job 280 2 126 3 109 4 130 5 262 6 116 7 186 8 200 9 73 10 Right to refuse 241 99 D.K. 221 0 No answer 17 [q516_e] Competition Competition is good. It stimulates people to work hard and develop new ideas - Competition is harmful. It brings out the worst in people. 1944 1 99 1 Competition is good 614 2 213 3 273 4 144 5 217 6 68 7 72 8 58 9 21 10 Competition is harmful 59 99 D.K. 205 0 No answer 17 [q516_f] Hard work In the long run, hard work usually brings a better life - Hard work doesn't generally bring success - it's more a matter of luck and connections. 1949 1 99 1 Brings better life 487 2 188 3 240 4 157 5 256 6 99 7 103 8 121 9 42 10 Doesn't bring success 146 99 D.K. 110 0 No answer 12 [q516_g] Wealth People can only accumulate wealth at the expense of others - Wealth can grow so there's enough for everyone 1948 1 99 1 At the expense of others 138 2 81 3 96 4 97 5 258 6 145 7 218 8 238 9 91 10 Enough for everyone 302 99 Dont know 284 0 No answer 13 [q516_h] Attention to environment or economic growth Attention to environment - economic growth 1945 1 99 1 Protection of environment 410 2 144 3 202 4 144 5 429 6 109 7 92 8 75 9 32 10 Economic growth 124 99 D.K. 184 0 No answer 16 [q530_a] The most important purpose of the country There is a lot of talk these days about what the aims of this country should be for the next ten years. On this card are listed some of the goals which different people would give top priority. Would you please say which one of these you, yourself, consider the most important? 1940 1 9 1 Maintaining a high level of economic growth 1361 2 Making sure this country has strong defence forces 148 3 Seeing that people have more say about how things are done at their jobs and in their communities 287 4 Trying to make our cities and countryside more beautiful 90 9 D.K. 54 0 No answer 21 [q530_b] 2nd most important purpose of the country And which would be the next most important? 1909 1 9 1 Maintaining a high level of economic growth 316 2 Making sure this country has strong defence forces 419 3 Seeing that people have more say about how things are done at their jobs and in their communities 672 4 Trying to make our cities and countryside more beautiful 383 9 D.K. 119 0 No answer 52 [q532_a] The most important purpose of the country If you had to choose, which one of the things on this card would you say is most important? 1946 1 9 1 Maintaining order in the nation 1116 2 Giving people more say in important government decisions 459 3 Fighting rising prices 280 4 Protecting freedom of speech 42 9 D.K. 49 0 No answer 15 [q532_b] 2nd most important purpose of the country And which would be the next most important? 1907 1 9 1 Maintaining order in the nation 425 2 Giving people more say in important government decisions 453 3 Fighting rising prices 721 4 Protecting freedom of speech 202 9 D.K. 106 0 No answer 54 [q534_a] The most important purpose of the country Here is another list. In your opinion, which one of these is most important? 1950 1 9 1 Stable economy 1244 2 Human society 170 3 Progress toward a society in which ideas count more than money 105 4 Fight against crime 384 9 D.K. 47 0 No answer 11 [q534_b] 2nd most important purpose of the country And what would be the next most important? 1918 1 9 1 Stable economy 368 2 Human society 410 3 Progress toward a society in which ideas count more than money 216 4 Fight against crime 830 9 D.K. 94 0 No answer 43 [q536] Would you be willing to fight for your country Of course we all hope that there will not be another war, but if it were to come to that, would you be willing to fight for your country? 1877 1 9 1 Yes 1324 2 No 261 9 D.K. 292 0 No answer 84 [q537_a] Less emphasis on money Less emphasis on money and material possessions 1932 1 3 1 Good 801 2 Bad 823 3 Don't mind 308 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 29 [q537_b] Decrease in the importance of work Decrease in the importance of work in our lives 1928 1 3 1 Good 496 2 Bad 1216 3 Don't mind 216 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 33 [q537_c] More emphasis on technology More emphasis on the development of technology 1931 1 3 1 Good 1625 2 Bad 50 3 Don't mind 256 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 30 [q537_d] Development of individual Greater emphasis on the development of the individual 1941 1 3 1 Good 1735 2 Bad 43 3 Don't mind 163 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 20 [q537_e] Greater respect for authority Greater respect for authority 1927 1 3 1 Good 1314 2 Bad 110 3 Don't mind 503 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 34 [q537_f] Emphasis on family life More emphasis on family life 1940 1 3 1 Good 1841 2 Bad 18 3 Don't mind 81 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 21 [q537_g] More natural lifestyle A simple and more natural lifestyle 1927 1 3 1 Good 1721 2 Bad 51 3 Don't mind 155 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 34 [q544] Will scientific advances help or harm mankind In the long run, do you think the scientific advances will help or harm mankind? 1945 1 9 1 Will help 1056 2 Will harm 136 3 Some of each 578 9 D.K. 175 0 No answer 16 [q545_a] Confidence in church The church 1737 1 3 0 No answer 0 1 A great deal 415 2 Quite a lot 924 3 Not very much 398 4 None at all 0 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 5 224 [q545_b] Confidence in armed forces The armed forces 1949 1 9 1 A great deal 562 2 Quite a lot 730 3 Not very much 457 4 None at all 122 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 78 0 No answer 12 [q545_c] Confidence in education system The education system 1938 1 9 1 A great deal 319 2 Quite a lot 699 3 Not very much 647 4 None at all 197 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 76 0 No answer 23 [q545_d] Confidence in legal system The legal system 1950 1 9 1 A great deal 206 2 Quite a lot 514 3 Not very much 838 4 None at all 325 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 67 0 No answer 11 [q545_e] Confidence in press The press 1950 1 9 1 A great deal 142 2 Quite a lot 685 3 Not very much 869 4 None at all 200 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 54 0 No answer 11 [q545_f] Confidence in trade unions Trade unions 1949 1 9 1 A great deal 176 2 Quite a lot 706 3 Not very much 642 4 None at all 346 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 79 0 No answer 12 [q545_g] Confidence in police The police 1952 1 9 1 A great deal 142 2 Quite a lot 527 3 Not very much 846 4 None at all 390 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 47 0 No answer 9 [q545_h] Confidence in Supreme Soviet of USSR The Supreme Soviet of USSR 1949 1 9 1 Wholly trust 182 2 Mostly trust 662 3 Not very trust 635 4 Not at all trust 322 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 148 0 12 [q545_i] Confidence in Government of USSR The Government of USSR 1951 1 9 1 Wholly trust 188 2 Mostly trust 644 3 Not very trust 631 4 Not at all trust 345 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 143 0 10 [q545_k] Confidence in social security system The social security system 1946 1 9 1 A great deal 176 2 Quite a lot 685 3 Not very much 666 4 None at all 266 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 153 0 No answer 15 [q545_n] Confidence in Supreme Court of the Russian Federation The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation 1948 1 9 1 A great deal 294 2 Quite a lot 910 3 Not very much 446 4 None at all 154 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 144 0 No answer 13 [q545_p] Confidence in television Television 1948 1 9 1 A great deal 203 2 Quite a lot 839 3 Not very much 708 4 None at all 129 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 69 0 No answer 13 [q545_q] Confidence in government of Russian Federation The Government of Russian Federation 1949 1 9 1 A great deal 317 2 Quite a lot 912 3 Not very much 419 4 None at all 155 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 146 0 No answer 12 [q545_s] Confidence in Soviet political system as a whole The Soviet political system as a whole 1948 1 9 1 A great deal 201 2 Quite a lot 597 3 Not very much 596 4 None at all 357 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 197 0 13 [q559_a] Ecology movement Ecology movement or nature protection 1944 1 9 1 Strongly approve 1380 2 Smwt approve 476 3 Smwt disapprove 26 4 Strongly disapprove 22 9 D.K. 40 0 No answer 17 [q559_b] Anti-nuclear energy movement Anti-nuclear energy movement 1947 1 9 1 Strongly approve 751 2 Smwt approve 717 3 Smwt disapprove 282 4 Strongly disapprove 97 9 D.K. 100 0 No answer 14 [q559_c] Disarmament movement Disarmament movement 1932 1 9 1 Strongly approve 1191 2 Smwt approve 581 3 Smwt disapprove 80 4 Strongly disapprove 26 9 D.K. 54 0 No answer 29 [q559_d] Human rights movement Human rights movement 1942 1 9 1 Strongly approve 1295 2 Smwt approve 470 3 Smwt disapprove 56 4 Strongly disapprove 22 9 D.K. 99 0 No answer 19 [q559_e] Women's movement Women's movement 1943 1 9 1 Strongly approve 870 2 Smwt approve 717 3 Smwt disapprove 152 4 Strongly disapprove 42 9 D.K. 162 0 No answer 18 [q559_f] Anti-apartheid movement Anti-apartheid movement 1931 1 9 1 Strongly approve 809 2 Smwt approve 537 3 Smwt disapprove 75 4 Strongly disapprove 34 9 D.K. 476 0 No answer 30 [q565_a] Claiming government benefits Claiming state benefits which you are not entitled to 1955 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1162 2 170 3 139 4 72 5 140 6 32 7 28 8 17 9 10 10 Always justifiable 30 99 D.K. 155 0 No answer 6 [q565_b] Avoiding a fare on public transport Avoiding a fare on public transport 1955 1 99 1 Never justifiable 977 2 188 3 204 4 91 5 191 6 45 7 52 8 39 9 25 10 Always justifiable 76 99 D.K. 67 0 No answer 6 [q565_c] Cheating on tax Cheating on tax if you have a chance 1955 1 99 1 Never justifiable 938 2 161 3 150 4 84 5 154 6 53 7 51 8 72 9 28 10 Always justifiable 79 99 D.K. 185 0 No answer 6 [q565_d] Buying something that was stolen Buying something you knew was stolen 1953 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1512 2 125 3 77 4 44 5 55 6 30 7 24 8 17 9 10 10 Always justifiable 12 99 D.K. 47 0 No answer 8 [q565_e] Joyriding Taking and driving away a car belonging to someone else (joyriding) 1955 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1788 2 63 3 21 4 11 5 14 6 5 7 4 8 8 9 5 10 Always justifiable 7 99 D.K. 29 0 No answer 6 [q565_f] Taking drugs Taking drugs (marihuana) 1955 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1794 2 46 3 24 4 18 5 22 6 4 7 6 8 3 9 2 10 Always justifiable 4 99 D.K. 32 0 No answer 6 [q565_g] Keeping money you have found Keeping money you have found 1952 1 99 1 Never justifiable 963 2 197 3 174 4 95 5 180 6 43 7 42 8 55 9 44 10 Always justifiable 80 99 D.K. 79 0 No answer 9 [q565_h] Lying in your own interest Lying in your own interest 1955 1 99 1 Never justifiable 910 2 234 3 259 4 98 5 186 6 52 7 40 8 41 9 17 10 Always justifiable 34 99 D.K. 84 0 No answer 6 [q565_i] Married person having an affair Married men/women having an affair 1955 1 99 1 Never justifiable 912 2 143 3 171 4 97 5 252 6 68 7 51 8 55 9 29 10 Always justifiable 62 99 D.K. 115 0 No answer 6 [q565_j] Sex under the legal age of consent Sex under the legal age of consent 1951 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1156 2 145 3 115 4 63 5 163 6 53 7 35 8 51 9 20 10 Always justifiable 41 99 D.K. 109 0 No answer 10 [q565_k] Accepting a bribe Someone accepting a bribe in the course of their duties 1955 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1622 2 106 3 69 4 24 5 28 6 10 7 14 8 19 9 8 10 Always justifiable 9 99 D.K. 46 0 No answer 6 [q565_l] Homosexuality Homosexuality 1953 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1622 2 57 3 30 4 18 5 53 6 17 7 7 8 16 9 6 10 Always justifiable 10 99 D.K. 117 0 No answer 8 [q565_m] Prostitution Prostitution 1955 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1460 2 100 3 89 4 37 5 103 6 25 7 30 8 20 9 9 10 Always justifiable 15 99 D.K. 67 0 No answer 6 [q565_n] Abortion Abortion 1955 1 99 1 Never justifiable 353 2 80 3 165 4 151 5 578 6 179 7 86 8 126 9 44 10 Always justifiable 77 99 D.K. 116 0 No answer 6 [q565_o] Divorce Divorce 1952 1 99 1 Never justifiable 303 2 72 3 146 4 124 5 625 6 188 7 109 8 128 9 40 10 Always justifiable 102 99 D.K. 115 0 No answer 9 [q565_p] Fighting with the police Fighting with the police 1952 1 99 1 Never justifiable 664 2 177 3 196 4 123 5 319 6 125 7 70 8 69 9 33 10 Always justifiable 39 99 D.K. 137 0 No answer 9 [q565_q] Euthanasia Euthanasia (terminating the life of the incurably sick) 1952 1 99 1 Never justifiable 845 2 101 3 106 4 61 5 176 6 64 7 60 8 112 9 54 10 Always justifiable 156 99 D.K. 217 0 No answer 9 [q565_r] Suicide Suicide 1955 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1206 2 131 3 101 4 55 5 150 6 54 7 35 8 34 9 21 10 Always justifiable 30 99 D.K. 138 0 No answer 6 [q565_s] Failing to report damage you have done Failing to report damage you've done accidentally to a parked vehicle 1947 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1013 2 169 3 156 4 75 5 139 6 44 7 28 8 34 9 20 10 Always justifiable 48 99 D.K. 221 0 No answer 14 [q565_t] Threatening workers Threatening workers who refuse to join a strike 1954 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1286 2 158 3 87 4 37 5 80 6 12 7 11 8 12 9 8 10 Always justifiable 17 99 D.K. 246 0 No answer 7 [q565_u] Killing in self-defense Killing in self-defense 1956 1 99 1 Never justifiable 196 2 44 3 61 4 63 5 246 6 98 7 116 8 264 9 189 10 Always justifiable 516 99 D.K. 163 0 No answer 5 [q565_v] Political assassinations Political assassinations 1945 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1354 2 126 3 84 4 41 5 85 6 14 7 16 8 11 9 2 10 Always justifiable 19 99 D.K. 193 0 No answer 16 [q565_w] Throwing away litter in a public place Throwing away litter in a public place 1949 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1322 2 204 3 171 4 54 5 83 6 27 7 17 8 10 9 6 10 Always justifiable 16 99 D.K. 39 0 No answer 12 [q565_x] Driving under the influence of alcohol Driving under the influence of alcohol 1950 1 99 1 Never justifiable 1591 2 139 3 81 4 30 5 31 6 10 7 12 8 7 9 6 10 Always justifiable 5 99 D.K. 38 0 No answer 11 [q648_a] To which group do you belong first of all Which of these geographical groups would you say you belong to first of all? 1940 1 9 1 Locality 621 2 Region 324 3 Russia 447 4 USSR as a whole 196 5 Europe 17 6 The world as a whole 279 9 D.K. 56 0 No answer 21 [q648_b] To which group do you belong next And the next? 1902 1 9 1 Locality 307 2 Region 282 3 Russia 501 4 USSR as a whole 322 5 Europe 74 6 The world as a whole 280 9 D.K. 136 0 No answer 59 [q650] How proud are you to be a citizen of USSR How proud are you to be a citizen of USSR? 1937 1 9 1 Very proud 488 2 Quite proud 720 3 Not very proud 392 4 Not at all proud 249 9 D.K. 88 0 No answer 24 [q651_a] Making major changes in life: One should be cautious about making major changes in life - You will never achieve much unless you act boldly 1954 1 99 1 Shld be cautious 244 2 99 3 171 4 167 5 411 6 162 7 187 8 168 9 49 10 Shld act boldly 185 99 D.K. 111 0 No answer 7 [q651_b] New ideas: Ideas that have stood the test of time are generally best - New ideas are generally better than old ones 1952 1 99 1 Old ideas are best 362 2 136 3 167 4 155 5 473 6 185 7 111 8 106 9 28 10 New ideas are better 108 99 D.K. 121 0 No answer 9 [q651_c] When changes occur in my life When changes occur in my life, I worry about the difficulties they may cause - When changes occur in my life, I welcome the possibility that something new is beginning 1955 1 99 1 I worry about difficulties 284 2 137 3 183 4 149 5 436 6 139 7 170 8 143 9 51 10 I welcome them 145 99 D.K. 118 0 No answer 6 [q657_1] I usually count on being successful I usually count on being successful in everything I do. 1961 0 1 0 No answer 1077 1 Mentioned 884 9 D.K. 0 [q657_2] I enjoy convincing others I enjoy convincing others of my opinion. 1961 0 1 0 No answer 1590 1 Mentioned 371 9 D.K. 0 [q657_3] I serve as a model for others I often notice that I serve as a model for others. 1961 0 1 0 No answer 1785 1 Mentioned 176 9 D.K. 0 [q657_4] I'm good at getting what I want I am good at getting what I want. 1961 0 1 0 No answer 1355 1 Mentioned 606 9 D.K. 0 [q657_5] I own many things I own many things others envy me for. 1961 0 1 0 No answer 1712 1 Mentioned 249 9 D.K. 0 [q657_6] I like to assume responsibility I like to assume responsibility. 1961 0 1 0 No answer 1482 1 Mentioned 479 9 D.K. 0 [q657_7] I'm rarely unsure about how I should behave I'm rarely unsure about how I should behave. 1961 0 1 0 No answer 1274 1 Mentioned 687 9 D.K. 0 [q657_8] I often give others advice I often give others advice. 1961 0 1 0 No answer 1519 1 Mentioned 442 9 D.K. 0 [q657_9] None of the above None of the above 1961 0 1 0 No answer 1542 1 Mentioned 419 9 D.K. 0 [q666_a] Economic system needs changes This country's economic system needs fundamental changes. 1950 1 9 1 Agree 1461 2 Mostly agree 380 3 Neither 43 4 Mostly disagree 12 5 Disagree 5 9 D.K. 49 0 No answer 11 [q666_b] Government should be made more open Our government should be made much more open to the public. 1954 1 9 1 Agree 1151 2 Mostly agree 605 3 Neither 113 4 Mostly disagree 20 5 Disagree 5 9 D.K. 60 0 No answer 7 [q666_c] Allow more freedom for individuals We are more likely to have a healthy economy if the government allows more freedom for individuals to do as they wish. 1955 1 9 1 Agree 585 2 Mostly agree 557 3 Neither 367 4 Mostly disagree 250 5 Disagree 71 9 D.K. 125 0 No answer 6 [q666_d] I can do nothing about unjust law If an unjust law were passed by the government I could do nothing at all about it. 1954 1 9 1 Agree 906 2 Mostly agree 553 3 Neither 171 4 Mostly disagree 118 5 Disagree 57 9 D.K. 149 0 No answer 7 [q666_e] Political reform is moving too rapidly Political reform in this country is moving too rapidly. 1950 1 9 1 Agree 176 2 Mostly agree 289 3 Neither 354 4 Mostly disagree 420 5 Disagree 441 9 D.K. 270 0 No answer 11 [q671_a] Your family Your family 1933 1 9 1 Wholly trust 788 2 Mostly trust 220 3 Neither 120 4 Mostly not trust 121 5 Not at all trust 595 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 89 0 No answer 28 [q671_b] Citizens of Russia Citizens of Russia 1942 1 9 1 Wholly trust 279 2 Mostly trust 464 3 Neither 466 4 Mostly not trust 228 5 Not at all trust 231 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 274 0 No answer 19 [q671_c] Citizens of the USSR Citizens of the USSR 1941 1 9 1 Wholly trust 213 2 Mostly trust 411 3 Neither 577 4 Mostly not trust 253 5 Not at all trust 157 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 330 0 20 [q716] Gender Sex of respondent 1961 1 2 0 No answer 0 1 Male 837 2 Female 1124 [q717] Year of birth Year of birth 1961 1902 1973 1947.37 15.6801 1902 1 1904 3 1905 1 1906 1 1907 2 1908 1 1909 4 1910 6 1911 4 1912 6 1913 5 1914 11 1915 6 1916 7 1917 13 1918 7 1919 13 1920 7 1921 11 1922 19 1923 18 1924 19 1925 35 1926 23 1927 43 1928 35 1929 29 1930 47 1931 20 1932 23 1933 23 1934 24 1935 25 1936 29 1937 42 1938 38 1939 35 1940 39 1941 34 1942 17 1943 17 1944 9 1945 23 1946 44 1947 49 1948 47 1949 32 1950 55 1951 47 1952 47 1953 52 1954 58 1955 48 1956 62 1957 51 1958 41 1959 48 1960 47 1961 47 1962 46 1963 36 1964 44 1965 27 1966 36 1967 33 1968 47 1969 37 1970 30 1971 31 1972 32 1973 12 [q719] Your age Your age 1961 18 88 42.7573 15.6981 18 39 19 36 20 27 21 34 22 45 23 40 24 35 25 26 26 41 27 40 28 39 29 51 30 51 31 52 32 40 33 46 34 60 35 53 36 55 37 50 38 51 39 44 40 54 41 31 42 48 43 50 44 37 45 29 46 10 47 16 48 12 49 28 50 46 51 34 52 38 53 44 54 28 55 33 56 23 57 23 58 23 59 21 60 39 61 31 62 37 63 45 64 24 65 35 66 18 67 17 68 20 69 11 70 10 71 7 72 13 73 11 74 7 75 8 76 11 77 5 78 7 79 3 80 6 81 5 82 1 83 2 85 1 86 2 87 1 88 1 [q721] When did you graduate At what age did you (or will you) complete your full time education, either at school or at an institution of higher education? Please exclude apprenticeships. 1801 7 64 20.7296 5.93246 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 11 12 22 13 26 14 51 15 73 16 106 17 325 18 192 19 137 20 100 21 92 22 122 23 107 24 82 25 80 26 39 27 39 28 34 29 8 30 29 31 10 32 20 33 8 34 14 35 10 36 4 37 8 38 6 39 7 40 9 41 3 42 4 43 3 44 1 45 3 47 1 50 1 52 2 61 1 64 1 0 No answer 160 [q721_a] Your education Your education? 1950 1 8 1 7 grades or less 281 2 Uncompl.high school 141 3 Comp.high school 512 4 Technical school 520 5 Uncompl.college 88 6 Comp.college 390 7 Postgraduate studies 7 8 Academic degree 11 0 No answer 11 [q723] Do you live with your parents Do you live with your parents? 1949 1 3 1 Yes 422 2 No 1152 3 No parents 375 0 12 [q724_a] Professional category Professional category 1312 1 8 1 Blue-collar worker 629 2 Engineer 229 3 Intellectual 92 4 White-collar worker 315 5 Cooperator 26 7 Skilled worker 0 8 Other 21 9 Agricultural worker 0 10 Member of armed forces 0 0 No answer 21 SYSMISS 628 [q724_b] Occupational status What is your occupational status? 1316 1 3 1 High rank manager 58 2 Middle rank manager 230 3 Employee 1028 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 17 SYSMISS 628 [q724_c] Economic field of organisation What is the economic field of your organisation? 1289 1 98 1 Industry 408 2 Agriculture 148 3 Building 101 4 Transport 98 5 Communal services 37 6 Finance 8 7 Trade 53 8 Nourishment 34 9 Medicine 91 10 Sports 6 11 Social security system 9 12 Welfare services 36 13 Science 21 14 Mass media 5 15 Culture 41 16 Education system 124 17 Police 0 18 Bar 2 19 Government services 22 97 Other 40 98 Don't know 5 99 Refused to answer 0 0 No answer 42 SYSMISS 630 [q724_d] For what kind of organisation do you work For what kind of organisation do you work? 1317 1 97 1 State 1118 2 Rented 31 3 Stock company 2 4 Joint venture 1 5 Public organization 17 6 Sovhoz 59 7 Kolhoz 22 8 Coop.trade 11 9 Cooperative 37 10 Farmer 0 11 Individual 5 12 Cooperative,Ltd. 0 13 Farmer 0 14 Individual 0 97 Other 14 99 Refused to answer 0 0 No answer 12 SYSMISS 632 [q724_e] Type of ownership Type of ownership 1173 1 4 1 Employer 19 2 Employee 1 3 Member of cooperative 59 4 Work for state 1094 0 No answer 160 SYSMISS 628 [q724_f] How many people work in your organisation How many people work in your organisation? 1202 1 9 1 1 8 2 2 5 3 3-4 28 4 5-9 34 5 10-24 114 6 25-99 293 7 100-249 182 8 250-999 248 9 1000 or more 290 99 D.K. 0 0 No answer 20 SYSMISS 739 [q727] Are you the head of your household Are you the head of your household? 1928 1 3 1 Yes 933 2 No 857 3 Equally with sombdy else 138 0 No answer 33 [q728] Employment status of the head of household Is the head of household employed now or not? 824 1 2 1 Working 727 2 Temporarily not working 97 3 Pensioner 0 4 Housewife 0 5 Searching for a job 0 6 Studying full time 0 8 Other 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 33 SYSMISS 1104 [q729] Professional status of the head of household In which profession/industry does/did he (she) work? 721 1 8 1 Blue-collar worker 392 2 Engineer 113 3 Intellectual 44 4 White-collar worker 104 5 Cooperator 28 6 Member of kolhoz 27 7 Individual 5 8 Other 8 9 Agricult. worker 0 10 Armed forces member 0 11 Other 0 0 No answer 136 SYSMISS 1104 [q730] Occupational status of the head of household What is his/her job? 705 1 3 1 High rank manager 48 2 Middle rank manager 127 3 Employee 530 7 Refused to answer 0 9 D.K. 0 0 No answer 152 SYSMISS 1104 [q731] Where did you live until you turned 16 Where did you live until you turned 16? 1864 1 9 1 In the country 699 2 In settlement 193 3 In small town 268 4 In middle size town 254 5 In large city 409 6 In suburb of large city 18 7 Moved often 16 8 Other 4 9 Don't know 3 0 No answer 97 [q732] How many people live in your household How many people, including yourself, are currently living in your household? 1923 1 9 3.23453 1.37035 1 188 2 442 3 463 4 526 5 206 6 73 7 16 8 6 9 3 0 No answer 38 [q733_c] What is the average monthly income per person What is the average monthly income per person? 1714 0 800 145.671 86.3949 [q734] What is your nationality What is your nationality? 1954 1 99 1 Russian 1703 2 Tatar 13 3 Ukrainian 53 4 Chuvash 5 5 Bashkir 2 6 Mordvin 7 7 Belorus 15 8 German 7 9 Chechen 0 10 Jew 18 11 Balkarian 0 12 Chuvash 0 13 Jew 0 14 Mordvinian 0 15 Other slav 0 16 Over caucaususian 0 17 Finn 0 18 Negro 0 19 Arab 0 20 Estonian 0 21 Chinese 0 22 Kalmyk 0 23 Caucaususian 0 97 Other 123 98 Refused 6 99 Difficult to say 2 0 No answer 7 [q735] Spouse's nationality Spouse's nationality 1493 1 99 1 Russian 1236 2 Tatar 14 3 Ukrainian 63 4 Chuvash 7 5 Bashkir 2 6 Mordvin 4 7 Belorus 17 8 German 15 9 Chechen 1 10 Jew 21 11 Balkarian 0 12 Chuvash 0 13 Jew 0 14 Mordvinian 0 15 Other slav 0 16 Over caucaususian 0 17 Finn 0 18 Negro 0 19 Arab 0 20 Estonian 0 21 Chinese 0 22 Kalmyk 0 23 Caucaususian 0 97 Other 93 98 Refused 19 99 Difficult to say 1 0 No spouse 468 [q736] Nationality of mother Nationality of mother 1953 1 99 1 Russian 1644 2 Tatar 16 3 Ukrainian 83 4 Chuvash 8 5 Bashkir 3 6 Mordvin 12 7 Belorus 23 8 German 7 9 Chechen 0 10 Jew 21 11 Balkarian 0 12 Chuvash 0 13 Jew 0 14 Mordvinian 0 15 Other slav 0 16 Over caucaususian 0 17 Finn 0 18 Negro 0 19 Arab 0 20 Estonian 0 21 Chinese 0 22 Kalmyk 0 23 Caucaususian 0 97 Other 126 98 Refused 7 99 Difficult to say 3 0 No answer 8 [q737] Nationality of father Nationality of father 1952 1 98 1 Russian 1600 2 Tatar 17 3 Ukrainian 93 4 Chuvash 7 5 Bashkir 1 6 Mordvin 10 7 Belorus 24 8 German 10 9 Chechen 1 10 Jew 19 11 Other 39 12 Chuvash 0 13 Jew 0 14 Mordvinian 0 15 Other slav 0 16 Over caucaususian 0 17 Finn 0 18 Negro 0 19 Arab 0 20 Estonian 0 21 Chinese 0 22 Kalmyk 0 23 Caucaususian 0 97 Refused 113 98 Difficult to say 18 99 Don't know 0 0 No answer 9 [q738] Political views How would you rate your own political views, if you think about the politics and political processes in our country? 1932 1 9 1 Very conservative 23 2 Somewhat conservative 151 3 In the centre 794 4 Somewhat liberal 292 5 Very liberal 103 9 Don't know 569 0 No answer 29 [q739] Are you a member of any party Are you a member of any party? 1961 0 2 0 No 1680 1 CPSU 272 2 Other 9 3 Akonom.reforms 0 4 Liberal 0 5 "Memorial" 0 6 Konst.Dem. 0 7 Liber.Dem.Party 0 8 Dem.Par. of Russia 0 9 Russ.Komunist Party 0 10 Social-Dim.Party 0 11 Civil Union 0 12 Russian Sobor 0 13 Sucialistic 0 15 Kabrd-Balkar Dem.Party 0 16 Russian Workers Party 0 17 Movement of Russia 0 [q740] Which party best represents your views Which party best represents your views? 1689 0 98 0 None 1312 1 CPSU 227 2 Liberal-dem.party 0 3 Akonom.reforms 0 4 Liberal 0 5 "Memorial" 0 6 Konst.Dem. 0 7 Liber.Dem.Party 0 8 Dem.Par. of Russia 0 9 Russ.Komunist Party 0 10 Social-Dim.Party 0 11 Civil Union 0 12 Social-dem.party of Russia 9 13 Sucialistic 0 14 Dem.party of Russia 112 15 Kabrd-Balkar Dem.Party 0 16 Russian Workers Party 0 17 Movement of Russia 0 98 Other 29 SYSMISS 272 [q741] Have you ever answered any similar questionnaires Have you ever answered any similar questionnaires? 1948 1 2 1 Yes 231 2 No 1717 0 No answer 13 [q742] Agree to participate in such survey Would you agree to participate in this kind of survey later on as well? 1947 1 2 1 Yes 1380 2 No 567 0 No answer 14 [bv2] Region code Region code 1961 1 46 1 Moscow 99 5 Zhukovsky 75 6 Riasan 85 7 S-Peterburg 70 8 Volchov 77 9 Luga 41 10 Novgorod 72 13 Kaduy 10 14 Cherepovech 154 18 Chegem 100 19 Kursk 57 21 Samara 60 22 Bezenchuk 67 23 Syzran 83 27 Krasnodar 60 28 Ust-Labinsk 94 29 Sochy 74 33 Perm 99 34 Kungur 80 35 Kurgan 84 36 Kemerovo 77 37 Krapivino 87 38 Neviansk 81 44 Suhobuzim 59 45 Khabarovsk 62 46 Viazemskiy 54 0 No answer 0 [bv3]] Town size Size of town 1961 1 8 1 Less than 2,000 196 2 2,000-5,000 131 3 5-10 th. 134 4 10-20 th 79 5 20-50 th 189 6 50-100 th 106 7 100-500 th 524 8 500th & more 602 Sample description: paper copy in English