DDI description: Finnish Opinions on Security Policy and National Defence 1992: Autumn DDI-kuvailu: Turvallisuuspolitiikka- ja maanpuolustustutkimus 1992: syksy 1157 Finnish Social Science Data Archive Finnish Social Science Data Archive Finnish Social Science Data Archive 2.0.0 Finnish Opinions on Security Policy and National Defence 1992: Autumn [metadata]. Metadata version 2.0.0 (2018-09-28). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd1157; URN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1157 FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records), joiden tekijä on Suomen yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto (Finnish Social Science Data Archive), on lisensoitu Creative Commons 1.0 Yleismaailmallinen (CC0 1.0) -lisenssillä. FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records) by Suomen yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto (Finnish Social Science Data Archive) are licensed under a Creative Commons 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) license. FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records) av Finlands samhällsvetenskapliga dataarkiv (Finnish Social Science Data Archive) är licensierade under en Creative Commons 1.0 Universiell (CC0 1.0) licens. Finnish Opinions on Security Policy and National Defence 1992: Autumn Turvallisuuspolitiikka- ja maanpuolustustutkimus 1992: syksy 1157 urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1157 10.60686/t-fsd1157 Advisory Board for Defence Information (ABDI) Advisory Board for Defence Information In accordance with the agreement between FSD and the depositor. Finnish Social Science Data Archive Finnish Opinions on Security Policy and National Defence

The Finnish Opinions on Security Policy and National Defence series includes all surveys conducted by the Advisory Board for Defence Information (ABDI). Their focus is on security policy, foreign policy and national defence. The FSD collections cover data from 1992 onwards. The surveys contain a set of core questions repeated over the years.

 2.0 2.0 Advisory Board for Defence Information (ABDI): Finnish Opinions on Security Policy and National Defence 1992: Autumn [dataset]. Data version 2.0 (2018-09-28). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd1157; URN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1157 civil defence conscription conflict resolution international conflict resolution defence and state security policy foreigners foreign policy immigrants national security Social sciences Conflict, security and peace Political behaviour and attitudes

The survey studied citizens' attitudes towards, for instance, Finnish foreign policy, and the warfare in the former Yugoslavia. The respondents' personal opinions on the likelihood of military conflicts, on neutrality policy, armed national defence, defence appropriation, and the obligatory military service (conscription) were asked. In addition, views on restoring Karelia from Russia to Finland, on the amount and nationality of foreigners that should be allowed to Finland, and on phenomena influencing the security of Finland and of Finnish citizens were surveyed.

Background variables included the respondent's sex, age group, social group, education, and the place and area of residence.

 Finland Finland Individual Individual Finns aged 15 or over the Åland Islands Quantitative Longitudinal: Trend/Repeated cross-section Longitudinal.TrendRepeatedCrossSection Gallup Finland Probability: Multistage Probability.Multistage

At the first stage, the number of respondents required by the sample was divided regionally by provinces. Then, within each province, the number of respondents was divided according to community type: the communities were grouped in different types so that cities were divided to big and small according to population size, and rural communities in three classes according to industrial structure. The choice of municipalities is representative. At the third stage, a group of starting points were designated for each of the selected municipalities in relation to their population. Starting point method was used, and each randomly selected point resulted in six interviews. From each household the person who matched the gender and age requirements stated in the selection card was interviewed. The interviewer used two cards: the first one was used to select firstly one 15-39-year-old female and two 15-39-year-old males, and then one male of at least 40 years of age, and two females of 40 or older. With the second card, one 15-39-year-old man and two 15-39-year-old females, one female who is 40 or older, and two males of at least 40 years of age were selected.

 Face-to-face interview Interview.FaceToFace Structured questionnaire Questionnaire.Structured There are no weight variables in the data. Complete question texts for variables K2, K3, K6, K7, K8 and K10 are unavailable. Detailed and specific data description in Finnish and English. The data are checked and processed in detail. If necessary, the data are anonymised. Finnish Social Science Data Archive Food purchasing variable, as well as the variables identifying municipality of residence and postcode have been removed from the data. The dataset is (B) available for research, teaching and study. The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. Notify FSD of all publications where you have used the data by sending the citation information to user-services.fsd@tuni.fi. The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data. Alho, Olli T. (2002). Suomalaisten turvallisuuspoliittisten mielipiteiden kehitys 1990-luvulla. Helsinki: Helsingin yliopisto. Yleisen valtio-opin kansainvälisen politiikan suuntautumisvaihtoehdon pro gradu ­tutkielma. Suomalaisten turvallisuuspoliittisten mielipiteiden kehitys 1990-luvulla Kekäle, Petri (1998). MTS-tutkimukset 1990-1997. Helsinki: Maanpuolustustiedotuksen suunnittelukunta. MTS-tutkimukset 1990-1997 daF1157e.por 989 122 SPSS Portable [fsd_no] FSD study number FSD study number 989 1157 1157 1157.00 .000 [fsd_vr] FSD edition number FSD edition number 989 2.0 2.0 2.000 .0000 [fsd_id] FSD case id FSD case id 989 1 989 495.00 285.644 [k1] Considering the present state of the world, do you think that over the next five years Finland and Finns will live in a more secure or insecure world? Considering the present state of the world, do you think that over the next five years Finland and Finns will live in a more secure or insecure world? 989 1 4 2.24 .771 1 in a more secure world 147 2 in a more insecure world 513 3 there will be no change in security 273 4 can't say 56 [k2_1] Impact on security: European integration Impact on security: European integration 989 1 6 2.73 1.093 1 improves security considerably 107 2 improves security to some extent 367 3 neither improves nor reduces security 266 4 reduces security to some extent 193 5 reduces security considerably 48 6 can't say 8 [k2_2] Impact on security: Internal development in the territory of the former Soviet Union Impact on security: Internal development in the territory of the former Soviet Union 989 1 6 3.65 1.036 1 improves security considerably 31 2 improves security to some extent 123 3 neither improves nor reduces security 193 4 reduces security to some extent 472 5 reduces security considerably 154 6 can't say 16 [k2_3] Impact on security: Increase in Finland's international economic co-operation Impact on security: Increase in Finland's international economic co-operation 989 1 6 2.51 .879 1 improves security considerably 84 2 improves security to some extent 449 3 neither improves nor reduces security 348 4 reduces security to some extent 90 5 reduces security considerably 8 6 can't say 10 [k2_4] Impact on security: Recent developments in the Middle East Impact on security: Recent developments in the Middle East 989 1 6 3.38 .794 1 improves security considerably 11 2 improves security to some extent 71 3 neither improves nor reduces security 513 4 reduces security to some extent 331 5 reduces security considerably 49 6 can't say 14 [k2_5] Impact on security: Nuclear weapons of the former Soviet Union Impact on security: Nuclear weapons of the former Soviet Union 989 1 6 4.04 .953 1 improves security considerably 26 2 improves security to some extent 42 3 neither improves nor reduces security 131 4 reduces security to some extent 479 5 reduces security considerably 293 6 can't say 18 [k2_6] Impact on security: Nuclear weapons of other countries Impact on security: Nuclear weapons of other countries 989 1 6 3.80 .889 1 improves security considerably 18 2 improves security to some extent 49 3 neither improves nor reduces security 236 4 reduces security to some extent 509 5 reduces security considerably 161 6 can't say 16 [k2_7] Impact on security: State of the environment at present and current use of natural resources Impact on security: State of the environment at present and current use of natural resources 989 1 6 3.74 .927 1 improves security considerably 15 2 improves security to some extent 79 3 neither improves nor reduces security 248 4 reduces security to some extent 470 5 reduces security considerably 163 6 can't say 14 [k2_8] Impact on security: Use of nuclear energy in Finland Impact on security: Use of nuclear energy in Finland 989 1 6 3.51 .941 1 improves security considerably 27 2 improves security to some extent 100 3 neither improves nor reduces security 330 4 reduces security to some extent 417 5 reduces security considerably 106 6 can't say 9 [k2_9] Impact on security: Use of nuclear energy in Russia Impact on security: Use of nuclear energy in Russia 989 1 6 4.23 .931 1 improves security considerably 20 2 improves security to some extent 34 3 neither improves nor reduces security 108 4 reduces security to some extent 370 5 reduces security considerably 447 6 can't say 10 [k2_10] Impact on security: Increased presence of Russian forces near the Finnish border as Russia transferred forces from Central Europe and the Baltic countries Impact on security: Increased presence of Russian forces near the Finnish border as Russia transferred forces from Central Europe and the Baltic countries 989 1 6 3.79 .840 1 improves security considerably 14 2 improves security to some extent 42 3 neither improves nor reduces security 257 4 reduces security to some extent 512 5 reduces security considerably 155 6 can't say 9 [k2_11] Impact on security: Russian forces in the Baltic countries Impact on security: Russian forces in the Baltic countries 989 1 6 3.64 .799 1 improves security considerably 12 2 improves security to some extent 34 3 neither improves nor reduces security 368 4 reduces security to some extent 471 5 reduces security considerably 90 6 can't say 14 [k2_12] Impact on security: Finland's application to join the EC Impact on security: Finland's application to join the EC 989 1 6 2.83 .997 1 improves security considerably 63 2 improves security to some extent 325 3 neither improves nor reduces security 378 4 reduces security to some extent 173 5 reduces security considerably 38 6 can't say 12 [k2_13] Impact on security: Unemployment in Finland Impact on security: Unemployment in Finland 989 1 6 3.66 .843 1 improves security considerably 18 2 improves security to some extent 50 3 neither improves nor reduces security 311 4 reduces security to some extent 492 5 reduces security considerably 109 6 can't say 9 [k2_14] Impact on security: Increased number of foreigners in Finland Impact on security: Increased number of foreigners in Finland 989 1 6 3.56 .878 1 improves security considerably 23 2 improves security to some extent 65 3 neither improves nor reduces security 353 4 reduces security to some extent 439 5 reduces security considerably 101 6 can't say 8 [k2_15] Impact on security: War in the territory of ex-Yugoslavia Impact on security: War in the territory of ex-Yugoslavia 989 1 6 3.43 .737 1 improves security considerably 10 2 improves security to some extent 38 3 neither improves nor reduces security 528 4 reduces security to some extent 354 5 reduces security considerably 49 6 can't say 10 [k2_16] Impact on security: Current economic situation in Finland Impact on security: Current economic situation in Finland 989 1 6 3.68 .820 1 improves security considerably 14 2 improves security to some extent 47 3 neither improves nor reduces security 311 4 reduces security to some extent 494 5 reduces security considerably 117 6 can't say 6 [k3_1] Not in any manner: let the warring parties fight their own war Not in any manner: let the warring parties fight their own war 989 1 5 3.00 1.173 1 strongly agree 150 2 agree 158 3 disagree 299 4 strongly disagree 309 5 can't say 73 [k3_2] Must supply humanitarian aid to war zones and take care of refugees Must supply humanitarian aid to war zones and take care of refugees 989 1 5 2.02 1.095 1 strongly agree 363 2 agree 410 3 disagree 99 4 strongly disagree 66 5 can't say 51 [k3_3] Must try to keep warring parties separate with the help of UN peacekeeping forces Must try to keep warring parties separate with the help of UN peacekeeping forces 989 1 5 1.99 1.100 1 strongly agree 393 2 agree 375 3 disagree 109 4 strongly disagree 63 5 can't say 49 [k3_4] Force warring parties to an agreement using peaceful measures like sanctions, but definitely not by military action Force warring parties to an agreement using peaceful measures like sanctions, but definitely not by military action 989 1 5 2.14 1.182 1 strongly agree 345 2 agree 372 3 disagree 136 4 strongly disagree 61 5 can't say 75 [k3_5] Force warring parties to peace by UN military intervention that is strong enough to end the war Force warring parties to peace by UN military intervention that is strong enough to end the war 989 1 5 2.77 1.229 1 strongly agree 188 2 agree 229 3 disagree 282 4 strongly disagree 199 5 can't say 91 [k3_6] If UN is unable to find a solution, Europe and the US must use military force to impose peace upon the warring parties If UN is unable to find a solution, Europe and the US must use military force to impose peace upon the warring parties 989 1 5 3.06 1.200 1 strongly agree 130 2 agree 192 3 disagree 250 4 strongly disagree 318 5 can't say 99 [k4] In your opinion, how well Finland has managed its foreign policy over the last few years In your opinion, how well Finland has managed its foreign policy over the last few years 989 1 5 2.34 .831 1 very well 71 2 quite well 637 3 not very well 197 4 not at all well 46 5 can't say 38 [k5a] Should Finland propose official negotiations to Russia to get back the Karelian territory, which Finland ceded to Russia in 1944 following the World War II Should Finland propose official negotiations to Russia to get back the Karelian territory, which Finland ceded to Russia in 1944 following the World War II 989 1 5 3.22 1.071 1 strongly agree 86 2 agree 153 3 disagree 279 4 strongly disagree 400 5 can't say 71 [k5b_a_1] Why wants Karelia back: Karelia belongs to Finlad Why wants Karelia back: Karelia belongs to Finlad 239 0 1 .50 .501 0 not mentioned 120 1 mentioned 119 SYSMISS 750 [k5b_a_2] Why wants Karelia back: Karelia was taken by force Why wants Karelia back: Karelia was taken by force 239 0 1 .22 .416 0 not mentioned 186 1 mentioned 53 SYSMISS 750 [k5b_a_3] Why wants Karelia back: There are Finns living in Karelia Why wants Karelia back: There are Finns living in Karelia 239 0 1 .06 .235 0 not mentioned 225 1 mentioned 14 SYSMISS 750 [k5b_a_4] Why wants Karelia back: Respondent hails from Karelia Why wants Karelia back: Respondent hails from Karelia 239 0 1 .12 .327 0 not mentioned 210 1 mentioned 29 SYSMISS 750 [k5b_a_5] Why wants Karelia back: Karelia area could be developed Why wants Karelia back: Karelia area could be developed 239 0 1 .06 .243 0 not mentioned 224 1 mentioned 15 SYSMISS 750 [k5b_a_6] Why wants Karelia back: More territory for Finland Why wants Karelia back: More territory for Finland 239 0 1 .02 .143 0 not mentioned 234 1 mentioned 5 SYSMISS 750 [k5b_a_7] Why wants Karelia back: Benefits Finland Why wants Karelia back: Benefits Finland 239 0 1 .09 .290 0 not mentioned 217 1 mentioned 22 SYSMISS 750 [k5b_a_8] Why wants Karelia back: Russia owes it to Finland Why wants Karelia back: Russia owes it to Finland 239 0 1 .03 .169 0 not mentioned 232 1 mentioned 7 SYSMISS 750 [k5b_a_9] Why wants Karelia back: Would settle the issue Why wants Karelia back: Would settle the issue 239 0 1 .08 .264 0 not mentioned 221 1 mentioned 18 SYSMISS 750 [k5b_a_10] Why wants Karelia back: Some other reason Why wants Karelia back: Some other reason 239 0 1 .02 .129 0 not mentioned 235 1 mentioned 4 SYSMISS 750 [k5b_b_1] Why does not want Karelia back: Would be expensive Why does not want Karelia back: Would be expensive 679 0 1 .36 .480 0 not mentioned 436 1 mentioned 243 SYSMISS 310 [k5b_b_2] Why does not want Karelia back: Karelia belongs to Russia Why does not want Karelia back: Karelia belongs to Russia 679 0 1 .14 .349 0 not mentioned 583 1 mentioned 96 SYSMISS 310 [k5b_b_3] Why does not want Karelia back: Finland does not need Karelia Why does not want Karelia back: Finland does not need Karelia 679 0 1 .38 .486 0 not mentioned 420 1 mentioned 259 SYSMISS 310 [k5b_b_4] Why does not want Karelia back: Causes disagreement Why does not want Karelia back: Causes disagreement 679 0 1 .15 .358 0 not mentioned 577 1 mentioned 102 SYSMISS 310 [k5b_b_5] Why does not want Karelia back: Russia does not want to cede Karelia Why does not want Karelia back: Russia does not want to cede Karelia 679 0 1 .03 .165 0 not mentioned 660 1 mentioned 19 SYSMISS 310 [k5b_b_6] Why does not want Karelia back: Karelians are Russians Why does not want Karelia back: Karelians are Russians 679 0 1 .03 .165 0 not mentioned 660 1 mentioned 19 SYSMISS 310 [k5b_b_7] Why does not want Karelia back: The miserable state of Karelia Why does not want Karelia back: The miserable state of Karelia 679 0 1 .17 .375 0 not mentioned 564 1 mentioned 115 SYSMISS 310 [k5b_b_8] Why does not want Karelia back: Must wait and see Why does not want Karelia back: Must wait and see 679 0 1 .02 .126 0 not mentioned 668 1 mentioned 11 SYSMISS 310 [k5b_b_9] Why does not want Karelia back: First priority is to solve existing problems in Finland Why does not want Karelia back: First priority is to solve existing problems in Finland 679 0 1 .05 .218 0 not mentioned 645 1 mentioned 34 SYSMISS 310 [k5b_b_10] Why does not want Karelia back: Finns hailing from Karelia are already elderly Why does not want Karelia back: Finns hailing from Karelia are already elderly 679 0 1 .05 .212 0 not mentioned 647 1 mentioned 32 SYSMISS 310 [k5b_b_11] Why does not want Karelia back: Russians would move there Why does not want Karelia back: Russians would move there 679 0 1 .01 .121 0 not mentioned 669 1 mentioned 10 SYSMISS 310 [k5b_b_12] Why does not want Karelia back: Population transfers from Karelia Why does not want Karelia back: Population transfers from Karelia 679 0 1 .01 .121 0 not mentioned 669 1 mentioned 10 SYSMISS 310 [k5b_b_13] Why does not want Karelia back: Some other reason Why does not want Karelia back: Some other reason 679 0 1 .01 .108 0 not mentioned 671 1 mentioned 8 SYSMISS 310 [k5b_c_1] Why can't express an opinion on Karelia: Complicated issue Why can't express an opinion on Karelia: Complicated issue 71 0 1 .10 .300 0 not mentioned 64 1 mentioned 7 SYSMISS 918 [k5b_c_2] Why can't express an opinion on Karelia: Too little information Why can't express an opinion on Karelia: Too little information 71 0 1 .21 .411 0 not mentioned 56 1 mentioned 15 SYSMISS 918 [k5b_c_3] Why can't express an opinion on Karelia: Not a relevant issue at the moment Why can't express an opinion on Karelia: Not a relevant issue at the moment 71 0 1 .06 .232 0 not mentioned 67 1 mentioned 4 SYSMISS 918 [k5b_c_4] Why can't express an opinion on Karelia: Makes no difference Why can't express an opinion on Karelia: Makes no difference 71 0 1 .25 .438 0 not mentioned 53 1 mentioned 18 SYSMISS 918 [k5b_c_5] Why can't express an opinion on Karelia: Some other reason Why can't express an opinion on Karelia: Some other reason 71 0 1 .21 .411 0 not mentioned 56 1 mentioned 15 SYSMISS 918 [k6_1] What is your opinion on the number of foreigners allowed in Finland annually, if you think about the following groups: Students What is your opinion on the number of foreigners allowed in Finland annually, if you think about the following groups: Students 989 1 6 2.62 1.024 1 must be increased considerably 109 2 must be increased to some extent 351 3 present level is appropriate 409 4 must be reduced 68 5 must not be accepted at all 29 6 can't say 23 [k6_2] What is your opinion on the number of foreigners allowed in Finland annually, if you think about the following groups: Foreign workers, who are short-stay seasonal workers and are not staying permanently in Finland What is your opinion on the number of foreigners allowed in Finland annually, if you think about the following groups: Foreign workers, who are short-stay seasonal workers and are not staying permanently in Finland 989 1 6 3.43 1.023 1 must be increased considerably 19 2 must be increased to some extent 127 3 present level is appropriate 444 4 must be reduced 237 5 must not be accepted at all 137 6 can't say 25 [k6_3] What is your opinion on the number of foreigners allowed in Finland annually, if you think about the following groups: Foreign workers who work in Finland for a longer period but who are not staying permanently in Finland What is your opinion on the number of foreigners allowed in Finland annually, if you think about the following groups: Foreign workers who work in Finland for a longer period but who are not staying permanently in Finland 989 1 6 3.59 1.020 1 must be increased considerably 14 2 must be increased to some extent 97 3 present level is appropriate 393 4 must be reduced 285 5 must not be accepted at all 172 6 can't say 28 [k6_4] What is your opinion on the number of foreigners allowed in Finland annually, if you think about the following groups: Immigrants who are going to stay in Finland permanently but are not of Finnish origin What is your opinion on the number of foreigners allowed in Finland annually, if you think about the following groups: Immigrants who are going to stay in Finland permanently but are not of Finnish origin 989 1 6 3.47 1.114 1 must be increased considerably 26 2 must be increased to some extent 127 3 present level is appropriate 436 4 must be reduced 191 5 must not be accepted at all 171 6 can't say 38 [k6_5] What is your opinion on the number of foreigners allowed in Finland annually, if you think about the following groups: Immigrants who are going to stay in Finland permanently and are of Finnish origin, e.g., Sweden-Finns or Ingrians What is your opinion on the number of foreigners allowed in Finland annually, if you think about the following groups: Immigrants who are going to stay in Finland permanently and are of Finnish origin, e.g., Sweden-Finns or Ingrians 989 1 6 2.87 1.088 1 must be increased considerably 73 2 must be increased to some extent 291 3 present level is appropriate 430 4 must be reduced 104 5 must not be accepted at all 64 6 can't say 27 [k6_6] What is your opinion on the number of foreigners allowed in Finland annually, if you think about the following groups: Refugees What is your opinion on the number of foreigners allowed in Finland annually, if you think about the following groups: Refugees 989 1 6 3.39 1.211 1 must be increased considerably 55 2 must be increased to some extent 164 3 present level is appropriate 362 4 must be reduced 192 5 must not be accepted at all 185 6 can't say 31 [k7_1] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Turks How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Turks 989 1 5 3.37 .873 1 very willingly 26 2 quite willingly 111 3 not very willingly 401 4 not at all willingly 378 5 can't say 73 [k7_2] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Norwegians How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Norwegians 989 1 5 2.46 1.099 1 very willingly 167 2 quite willingly 447 3 not very willingly 196 4 not at all willingly 115 5 can't say 64 [k7_3] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Serbs How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Serbs 989 1 5 3.39 .900 1 very willingly 36 2 quite willingly 97 3 not very willingly 374 4 not at all willingly 405 5 can't say 77 [k7_4] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? The British How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? The British 989 1 5 2.58 1.093 1 very willingly 136 2 quite willingly 413 3 not very willingly 236 4 not at all willingly 139 5 can't say 65 [k7_5] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Russians How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Russians 989 1 5 3.42 .860 1 very willingly 33 2 quite willingly 86 3 not very willingly 362 4 not at all willingly 448 5 can't say 60 [k7_6] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Germans How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Germans 989 1 5 2.94 1.062 1 very willingly 86 2 quite willingly 266 3 not very willingly 324 4 not at all willingly 248 5 can't say 65 [k7_7] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Danes How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Danes 989 1 5 2.57 1.114 1 very willingly 148 2 quite willingly 405 3 not very willingly 226 4 not at all willingly 143 5 can't say 67 [k7_8] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Poles How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Poles 989 1 5 3.12 .947 1 very willingly 44 2 quite willingly 188 3 not very willingly 435 4 not at all willingly 251 5 can't say 71 [k7_9] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Estonians How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Estonians 989 1 5 2.74 1.067 1 very willingly 110 2 quite willingly 336 3 not very willingly 299 4 not at all willingly 187 5 can't say 57 [k7_10] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Swedes How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Swedes 989 1 5 2.66 1.093 1 very willingly 130 2 quite willingly 362 3 not very willingly 274 4 not at all willingly 160 5 can't say 63 [k7_11] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Somalis How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Somalis 989 1 5 3.46 .902 1 very willingly 34 2 quite willingly 108 3 not very willingly 287 4 not at all willingly 491 5 can't say 69 [k7_12] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Black Africans How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Black Africans 989 1 5 3.34 .946 1 very willingly 42 2 quite willingly 137 3 not very willingly 319 4 not at all willingly 423 5 can't say 68 [k7_13] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? White Americans How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? White Americans 989 1 5 2.87 1.051 1 very willingly 75 2 quite willingly 318 3 not very willingly 324 4 not at all willingly 200 5 can't say 72 [k7_14] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Croats How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Croats 989 1 5 3.29 .936 1 very willingly 38 2 quite willingly 144 3 not very willingly 378 4 not at all willingly 355 5 can't say 74 [k7_15] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? South Americans How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? South Americans 989 1 5 3.19 .966 1 very willingly 45 2 quite willingly 177 3 not very willingly 387 4 not at all willingly 307 5 can't say 73 [k7_16] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Muslims from Bosnia How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Muslims from Bosnia 989 1 5 3.46 .857 1 very willingly 31 2 quite willingly 79 3 not very willingly 351 4 not at all willingly 460 5 can't say 68 [k7_17] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Japanese How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Japanese 989 1 5 2.84 1.112 1 very willingly 105 2 quite willingly 315 3 not very willingly 274 4 not at all willingly 223 5 can't say 72 [k7_18] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Chinese How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Chinese 989 1 5 3.08 1.021 1 very willingly 58 2 quite willingly 233 3 not very willingly 342 4 not at all willingly 284 5 can't say 72 [k7_19] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Ingrians How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Ingrians 989 1 5 2.54 1.082 1 very willingly 146 2 quite willingly 413 3 not very willingly 230 4 not at all willingly 145 5 can't say 55 [k7_20] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Kurds How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Kurds 989 1 5 3.40 .925 1 very willingly 40 2 quite willingly 112 3 not very willingly 324 4 not at all willingly 441 5 can't say 72 [k7_21] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Vietnamese How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Vietnamese 989 1 5 3.20 .991 1 very willingly 47 2 quite willingly 198 3 not very willingly 318 4 not at all willingly 360 5 can't say 66 [k7_22] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? The French How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? The French 989 1 5 2.72 1.096 1 very willingly 118 2 quite willingly 352 3 not very willingly 280 4 not at all willingly 171 5 can't say 68 [k7_23] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Italians How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Italians 989 1 5 2.89 1.067 1 very willingly 92 2 quite willingly 280 3 not very willingly 331 4 not at all willingly 218 5 can't say 68 [k7_24] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Palestinians How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Palestinians 989 1 5 3.35 .911 1 very willingly 36 2 quite willingly 116 3 not very willingly 375 4 not at all willingly 389 5 can't say 73 [k7_25] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Arabs How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Arabs 989 1 5 3.46 .852 1 very willingly 28 2 quite willingly 85 3 not very willingly 352 4 not at all willingly 457 5 can't say 67 [k7_26] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Greeks How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Greeks 989 1 5 3.01 1.027 1 very willingly 67 2 quite willingly 246 3 not very willingly 352 4 not at all willingly 256 5 can't say 68 [k7_27] How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Jews How willingly do you see the following nationalities moving to Finland? Jews 989 1 5 3.00 1.066 1 very willingly 78 2 quite willingly 248 3 not very willingly 334 4 not at all willingly 251 5 can't say 78 [k8_1] A major world-wide, intercontinental war, also involving European countries A major world-wide, intercontinental war, also involving European countries 989 1 5 3.58 .685 1 very likely 13 2 quite likely 34 3 quite unlikely 351 4 very unlikely 553 5 can't say 38 [k8_2] A major war involving Europe only A major war involving Europe only 989 1 5 3.56 .682 1 very likely 9 2 quite likely 40 3 quite unlikely 371 4 very unlikely 528 5 can't say 41 [k8_3] An armed conflict or war involving two or more European countries An armed conflict or war involving two or more European countries 989 1 5 2.78 .946 1 very likely 68 2 quite likely 330 3 quite unlikely 381 4 very unlikely 170 5 can't say 40 [k8_4] Increasing internal armed conflicts or civil war in an European country Increasing internal armed conflicts or civil war in an European country 989 1 5 2.07 .930 1 very likely 254 2 quite likely 517 3 quite unlikely 144 4 very unlikely 41 5 can't say 33 [k9] In your opinion, has the policy of neutrality become more or less important to Finland lately? In your opinion, has the policy of neutrality become more or less important to Finland lately? 989 1 4 1.90 .861 1 neutrality has become less important 356 2 neutrality has not become any more or less important 447 3 neutrality has become more important 119 4 can't say 67 [k10a] The best defence strategy for Finland is... The best defence strategy for Finland is... 989 1 6 2.57 1.500 1 military non-alliance and defence with own forces 349 2 military alliance and joint defence with Sweden 98 3 joint defence with another western states only during war 354 4 western defence co-operation, forces in F. during peace 89 5 something else 14 6 can't say 85 [k10b] The second best defence strategy for Finland is... The second best defence strategy for Finland is... 989 1 6 2.94 1.473 1 military non-alliance and defence with own forces 158 2 military alliance and joint defence with Sweden 263 3 joint defence with another western states only during war 296 4 western defence co-operation, forces in F. during peace 144 5 something else 9 6 can't say 119 [k10c] The worst defence strategy for Finland is... The worst defence strategy for Finland is... 989 1 6 3.32 1.643 1 military non-alliance and defence with own forces 205 2 military alliance and joint defence with Sweden 160 3 joint defence with another western states only during war 48 4 western defence co-operation, forces in F. during peace 413 5 something else 19 6 can't say 144 [k11] If Finland were attacked, do you think Finns should put up armed defence in all circumstances, even if the outcome looked uncertain? If Finland were attacked, do you think Finns should put up armed defence in all circumstances, even if the outcome looked uncertain? 989 1 3 1.30 .594 1 yes, they should 759 2 no, they should not 160 3 can't say 70 [k12] Your opinion on the defence forces funding Your opinion on the defence forces funding 989 1 6 3.18 .925 1 funding should be increased considerably 34 2 funding should be increased to some extent 122 3 current level of funding appropriate 570 4 funding should be decreased to some extent 172 5 funding should be decreased considerably 74 6 can't say 17 [k13] In your opinion, if Finland got involved in a war fought with conventional weapons, how well would it be able to defend itself? In your opinion, if Finland got involved in a war fought with conventional weapons, how well would it be able to defend itself? 989 1 5 2.66 .891 1 very well 53 2 well enough 413 3 not very well 393 4 not well at all 81 5 can't say 49 [k14] In your opinion, is it an advantage or disadvantage to the young men of Finland that they have to serve in the armed forces in order to carry out their compulsory military service? In your opinion, is it an advantage or disadvantage to the young men of Finland that they have to serve in the armed forces in order to carry out their compulsory military service? 989 1 6 1.85 .966 1 it is purely and simply an advantage 414 2 it is mostly an advantage 400 3 as much an advantage as an disadvantage 118 4 it is mostly an disadvantage 34 5 it is purely and simply a disadvantage 13 6 can't say 10 [k15] In your opinion, should the military service for men be voluntary in Finland? In your opinion, should the military service for men be voluntary in Finland? 989 1 3 1.76 .506 1 should be voluntary 271 2 should not be voluntary 681 3 can't say 37 [k16] Should there be voluntary military service for women in Finland? Should there be voluntary military service for women in Finland? 989 1 3 1.37 .570 1 should be 674 2 should not be 269 3 can't say 46 [k17] Should Finnish women be offered the same opportunities as men to have vocational military training and an Army career, with the same advancement options? Should Finnish women be offered the same opportunities as men to have vocational military training and an Army career, with the same advancement options? 989 1 3 1.43 .604 1 yes, they should have equal opportunities 622 2 no, they should not have equal opportunities 308 3 can't say 59 [bv1] Respondent's gender Respondent's gender 989 1 2 1.50 .500 1 female 492 2 male 497 [bv2] Respondent's age Respondent's age 978 14 92 41.04 16.632 [bv3] Respondent's basic education Respondent's basic education 989 1 4 1.93 .818 1 primary education or less 364 2 lower secondary education 337 3 upper secondary education (matriculation examination) 283 4 something else 5 [bv4] Respondent's vocational education Respondent's vocational education 989 1 6 2.70 1.357 1 no vocational education 252 2 vocational course or other short vocational training 206 3 vocational/technical school or other voc. qualification 250 4 college/first state of tertiary level voc. qualification 166 5 university or polytechnic 101 6 something else 14 [bv5] Household pre-tax income in Finnish marks Household pre-tax income in Finnish marks 989 1 11 4.69 3.149 1 <60.000 158 2 60.001- 90.000 149 3 90.001-120.000 135 4 120.001-150.000 117 5 150.001-180.000 90 6 180.001-210.000 90 7 210.001-240.000 62 8 240.001-270.000 33 9 270.001-300.000 21 10 >300.000 39 11 no answer 95 [bv6_1] Number of household members aged over 16 Number of household members aged over 16 989 1 6 1.94 .795 [bv6_2] Number of household members aged 7-16 Number of household members aged 7-16 989 0 8 .37 .760 [bv6_3] Number of household members aged under 7 Number of household members aged under 7 989 0 4 .29 .644 [bv6_4] Total number of household members Total number of household members 989 1 15 2.59 1.451 [bv7] Household composition Household composition 989 1 7 4.20 1.763 1 single, lives with parents 96 2 single, lives alone, aged under 35 93 3 single, lives alone, aged over 35 153 4 married/cohabiting couple, no children 138 5 married/cohabiting couple living with children 326 6 single parent living with children 50 7 married/cohabiting couple, children have left home 133 [bv8_1] Occupational group of the head of household (person with the highest income) Occupational group of the head of household (person with the highest income) 989 1 8 4.53 1.630 1 farmer, agricultural entrepreneur 55 2 entrepreneur, self-employed 68 3 employee in a managerial position or a professional 145 4 administrative, clerical, lower level employee 136 5 worker 304 6 retired 196 7 student 65 8 other 20 [bv8_2] (IF RETIRED) What was the former occupational group of the head of household (person with the highest income)? (IF RETIRED) What was the former occupational group of the head of household (person with the highest income)? 196 1 8 3.88 1.576 1 farmer, agricultural entrepreneur 26 2 entrepreneur, self-employed 11 3 employee in a managerial position or a professional 30 4 administrative, clerical, lower level employee 40 5 worker 83 6 retired 0 7 student 0 8 other 6 SYSMISS 793 [bv9] Who in your household is responsible for grocery purchases? Who in your household is responsible for grocery purchases? 989 1 3 1.76 .842 1 the respondent 496 2 someone other than the respondent 232 3 the respondent along with someone else 261 [bv10] Type of neighbourhood the respondent lives in Type of neighbourhood the respondent lives in 989 1 5 3.03 1.194 1 metropolitan area 169 2 city of Turku or Tampere 72 3 other city/town 413 4 population centre in a rural area, village 226 5 sparsely populated rural area 109 [bv12_1] If the parliamentary elections were held now, which party would you vote for? If the parliamentary elections were held now, which party would you vote for? 938 1 13 5.14 4.011 1 KESK (Centre Party of Finland) 166 2 SDP (Social Democratic Party of Finland) 180 3 KOK (National Coalition Party) 143 4 VAS (Left Alliance) 58 5 RKP (Swedish People's Party in Finland) 10 6 VIHR (The Greens) 109 7 SKL (Christian League of Finland) 33 8 SMP (Finnish Rural Party) 18 9 LKP (Liberal Party) 14 10 some other party or group 23 11 would not vote 60 12 can't say 74 13 do not want to say 50 SYSMISS 51 [bv12_2] If the parliamentary elections were held now, which party would you vote for as your SECOND PREFERENCE? If the parliamentary elections were held now, which party would you vote for as your SECOND PREFERENCE? 938 1 14 6.66 4.512 1 KESK (Centre Party of Finland) 92 2 SDP (Social Democratic Party of Finland) 127 3 KOK (National Coalition Party) 137 4 VAS (Left Alliance) 34 5 RKP (Swedish People's Party in Finland) 29 6 VIHR (The Greens) 152 7 SKL (Christian League of Finland) 24 8 SMP (Finnish Rural Party) 24 9 LKP (Liberal Party) 18 10 some other party or group 41 11 would not vote 44 12 did not have suffrage 6 13 can't say 129 14 do not want to say 81 SYSMISS 51 [bv12_3] Which party did you vote for in the 1992 municipal elections? Which party did you vote for in the 1992 municipal elections? 938 1 14 5.64 4.367 1 KESK (Centre Party of Finland) 156 2 SDP (Social Democratic Party of Finland) 159 3 KOK (National Coalition Party) 154 4 VAS (Left Alliance) 58 5 RKP (Swedish People's Party in Finland) 9 6 VIHR (The Greens) 78 7 SKL (Christian League of Finland) 28 8 SMP (Finnish Rural Party) 17 9 LKP (Liberal Party) 11 10 some other party or group 33 11 would not vote 139 12 did not have suffrage 10 13 can't say 9 14 do not want to say 77 SYSMISS 51 [bv13] Respondent's province of residence Respondent's province of residence 989 1 11 4.59 3.324 1 Uusimaa 207 2 Turku and Pori 189 3 Häme 118 4 Kyme 63 5 Mikkeli 50 6 Kuopio 61 7 Keski-Suomi 35 8 Vaasa 88 9 Pohjois-Karjala 52 10 Oulu 75 11 Lappi 51