DDI description: Finnish Opinions on Security Policy and National Defence 1993: Spring DDI-kuvailu: Turvallisuuspolitiikka- ja maanpuolustustutkimus 1993: kevät 1159 Finnish Social Science Data Archive Finnish Social Science Data Archive Finnish Social Science Data Archive 2.0.0 Finnish Opinions on Security Policy and National Defence 1993: Spring [metadata]. Metadata version 2.0.0 (2018-09-28). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd1159; URN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1159 FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records), joiden tekijä on Suomen yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto (Finnish Social Science Data Archive), on lisensoitu Creative Commons 1.0 Yleismaailmallinen (CC0 1.0) -lisenssillä. FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records) by Suomen yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto (Finnish Social Science Data Archive) are licensed under a Creative Commons 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) license. FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records) av Finlands samhällsvetenskapliga dataarkiv (Finnish Social Science Data Archive) är licensierade under en Creative Commons 1.0 Universiell (CC0 1.0) licens. Finnish Opinions on Security Policy and National Defence 1993: Spring Turvallisuuspolitiikka- ja maanpuolustustutkimus 1993: kevät 1159 urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1159 10.60686/t-fsd1159 Advisory Board for Defence Information (ABDI) Advisory Board for Defence Information In accordance with the agreement between FSD and the depositor. Finnish Social Science Data Archive Finnish Opinions on Security Policy and National Defence

The Finnish Opinions on Security Policy and National Defence series includes all surveys conducted by the Advisory Board for Defence Information (ABDI). Their focus is on security policy, foreign policy and national defence. The FSD collections cover data from 1992 onwards. The surveys contain a set of core questions repeated over the years.

 2.0 2.0 Advisory Board for Defence Information (ABDI): Finnish Opinions on Security Policy and National Defence 1993: Spring [dataset]. Data version 2.0 (2018-09-28). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd1159; URN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1159 defence defence and state security policy conflict resolution foreign policy international conflict military expenditure national security peace-keeping forces Social sciences Conflict, security and peace Political behaviour and attitudes

In this study, citizens' opinions on what kind of attitudes other nations and the UN should adopt towards the war in the former Yugoslavia were probed. The respondents were also asked to state their views on the funding of the Finnish Defence Forces, interceptors, as well as on phenomena influencing the security of Finland and the Finnish citizens.

Background variables included the respondent's sex, education, household size, annual income, phase of life, political views, and place of residence.

 Finland Finland Individual Individual Finns aged 15 or over the Åland Islands Quantitative Longitudinal: Trend/Repeated cross-section Longitudinal.TrendRepeatedCrossSection Gallup Finland Probability: Multistage Probability.Multistage

At the first stage, the number of respondents required by the sample was divided regionally by provinces. Then, within each province, the number of respondents was divided according to community type: the communities were grouped in different types so that cities were divided to big and small according to population size, and rural communities in three classes according to industrial structure. The choice of municipalities is representative. At the third stage, a group of starting points were designated for each of the selected municipalities in relation to their population. Starting point method was used, and each randomly selected point resulted in six interviews. From each household the person who matched the gender and age requirements stated in the selection card was interviewed. The interviewer used two cards: the first one was used to select firstly one 15-39-year-old female and two 15-39-year-old males, and then one male of at least 40 years of age, and two females of 40 or older. With the second card, one 15-39-year-old male and two 15-39-year-old females, one female who is 40 or older, and two males of at least 40 years of age were selected.

 Face-to-face interview Interview.FaceToFace Structured questionnaire Questionnaire.Structured There are no weight variables in the data. Complete question texts for variables Q2 and Q3 are unavailable. Detailed and specific data description in Finnish and English. The data are checked and processed in detail. If necessary, the data are anonymised. Finnish Social Science Data Archive Food purchasing variable, as well as the variables identifying municipality of residence and postal code have been removed from the data. The dataset is (B) available for research, teaching and study. The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. Notify FSD of all publications where you have used the data by sending the citation information to user-services.fsd@tuni.fi. The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data. Alho, Olli T. (2002). Suomalaisten turvallisuuspoliittisten mielipiteiden kehitys 1990-luvulla. Helsinki: Helsingin yliopisto. Yleisen valtio-opin kansainvälisen politiikan suuntautumisvaihtoehdon pro gradu ­tutkielma. Suomalaisten turvallisuuspoliittisten mielipiteiden kehitys 1990-luvulla Kekäle, Petri (1998). MTS-tutkimukset 1990-1997. Helsinki: Maanpuolustustiedotuksen suunnittelukunta. MTS-tutkimukset 1990-1997 daF1159e.por 1033 49 SPSS Portable [fsd_no] FSD study number FSD study number 1033 1159 1159 1159.00 .000 [fsd_vr] FSD edition number FSD edition number 1033 2.0 2.0 2.000 .0000 [fsd_id] FSD case id FSD case id 1033 1 1033 517.00 298.346 [q1] Considering the present state of the world, do you think that over the next five years Finland and the Finns will live in a more secure or insecure world than at present? Considering the present state of the world, do you think that over the next five years Finland and the Finns will live in a more secure or insecure world than at present? 1033 1 4 2.16 .788 1 In a more secure world 189 2 In a more insecure world 555 3 There will be no change in security 226 4 Can't say 63 [q2_1] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: European integration What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: European integration 1033 1 6 2.92 1.263 1 Increases security a lot 82 2 Increases security a little 387 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 261 4 Decreases security a little 206 5 Decreases security a lot 28 6 Can't say 69 [q2_2] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Development in Russia What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Development in Russia 1033 1 6 4.02 1.096 1 Increases security a lot 23 2 Increases security a little 97 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 102 4 Decreases security a little 504 5 Decreases security a lot 228 6 Can't say 79 [q2_3] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Increase in Finland's international economic cooperation What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Increase in Finland's international economic cooperation 1033 1 6 2.81 1.188 1 Increases security a lot 62 2 Increases security a little 412 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 389 4 Decreases security a little 79 5 Decreases security a lot 13 6 Can't say 78 [q2_4] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Recent developments in the Middle East What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Recent developments in the Middle East 1033 1 6 3.81 .982 1 Increases security a lot 3 2 Increases security a little 42 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 385 4 Decreases security a little 410 5 Decreases security a lot 106 6 Can't say 87 [q2_5] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Nuclear weapons of the former Soviet Union What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Nuclear weapons of the former Soviet Union 1033 1 6 4.40 .794 1 Increases security a lot 5 2 Increases security a little 23 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 64 4 Decreases security a little 438 5 Decreases security a lot 465 6 Can't say 38 [q2_6] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Nuclear weapons of other countries What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Nuclear weapons of other countries 1033 1 6 4.09 .880 1 Increases security a lot 9 2 Increases security a little 27 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 172 4 Decreases security a little 525 5 Decreases security a lot 251 6 Can't say 49 [q2_7] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: State of the environment at present, and current use of natural resources What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: State of the environment at present, and current use of natural resources 1033 1 6 3.96 .938 1 Increases security a lot 7 2 Increases security a little 43 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 257 4 Decreases security a little 458 5 Decreases security a lot 218 6 Can't say 50 [q2_8] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Use of nuclear power in energy production in Finland What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Use of nuclear power in energy production in Finland 1033 1 6 3.78 .951 1 Increases security a lot 12 2 Increases security a little 55 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 311 4 Decreases security a little 475 5 Decreases security a lot 126 6 Can't say 54 [q2_9] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Use of nuclear power in energy production in Russia What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Use of nuclear power in energy production in Russia 1033 1 6 4.54 .720 1 Increases security a lot 4 2 Increases security a little 12 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 46 4 Decreases security a little 362 5 Decreases security a lot 576 6 Can't say 33 [q2_10] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Use of nuclear power in energy production in Sweden What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Use of nuclear power in energy production in Sweden 1033 1 6 3.81 .872 1 Increases security a lot 3 2 Increases security a little 35 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 332 4 Decreases security a little 504 5 Decreases security a lot 104 6 Can't say 55 [q2_11] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Increased presence of Russian forces near the Finnish border as Russia transferred forces from Central Europe and the Baltic countries What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Increased presence of Russian forces near the Finnish border as Russia transferred forces from Central Europe and the Baltic countries 1033 1 6 4.04 .863 1 Increases security a lot 3 2 Increases security a little 19 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 232 4 Decreases security a little 518 5 Decreases security a lot 203 6 Can't say 58 [q2_12] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Russian forces in the Baltic countries What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Russian forces in the Baltic countries 1033 1 6 3.88 .898 1 Increases security a lot 2 2 Increases security a little 20 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 342 4 Decreases security a little 472 5 Decreases security a lot 127 6 Can't say 70 [q2_13] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Finland's potential membership in the EC What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Finland's potential membership in the EC 1033 1 6 2.99 1.305 1 Increases security a lot 80 2 Increases security a little 351 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 312 4 Decreases security a little 169 5 Decreases security a lot 34 6 Can't say 87 [q2_14] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Unemployment in Finland What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Unemployment in Finland 1033 1 6 3.97 .825 1 Increases security a lot 4 2 Increases security a little 19 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 247 4 Decreases security a little 535 5 Decreases security a lot 189 6 Can't say 39 [q2_15] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Increase in the number of foreigners in Finland What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Increase in the number of foreigners in Finland 1033 1 6 3.82 .834 1 Increases security a lot 3 2 Increases security a little 11 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 376 4 Decreases security a little 459 5 Decreases security a lot 144 6 Can't say 40 [q2_16] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: War in the territory of ex-Yugoslavia What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: War in the territory of ex-Yugoslavia 1033 1 6 3.79 .886 1 Increases security a lot 2 2 Increases security a little 10 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 436 4 Decreases security a little 402 5 Decreases security a lot 123 6 Can't say 60 [q2_17] What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Current economic situation in Finland What kind of impact do you think the following have on the security of Finland and the Finns: Current economic situation in Finland 1033 1 6 4.00 .781 1 Increases security a lot 3 2 Increases security a little 11 3 Neither increases nor decreases security 227 4 Decreases security a little 571 5 Decreases security a lot 184 6 Can't say 37 [q3_1] How should the international community, that is, other countries react to the war being fought in the area of former Yugoslavia? Not in any manner: let the warring parties fight their own war How should the international community, that is, other countries react to the war being fought in the area of former Yugoslavia? Not in any manner: let the warring parties fight their own war 1033 1 5 3.13 1.047 1 Strongly agree 97 2 Agree to some extent 152 3 Disagree to some extent 372 4 Strongly disagree 347 5 Can't say 65 [q3_2] How should the international community, that is, other countries react to the war being fought in the area of former Yugoslavia? Must supply humanitarian aid to war zones and take care of refugees How should the international community, that is, other countries react to the war being fought in the area of former Yugoslavia? Must supply humanitarian aid to war zones and take care of refugees 1033 1 5 1.90 1.057 1 Strongly agree 430 2 Agree to some extent 421 3 Disagree to some extent 92 4 Strongly disagree 34 5 Can't say 56 [q3_3] How should the international community, that is, other countries react to the war being fought in the area of former Yugoslavia? Must try to keep the warring parties separate with the help of the UN peacekeeping forces How should the international community, that is, other countries react to the war being fought in the area of former Yugoslavia? Must try to keep the warring parties separate with the help of the UN peacekeeping forces 1033 1 5 2.01 1.111 1 Strongly agree 394 2 Agree to some extent 404 3 Disagree to some extent 123 4 Strongly disagree 50 5 Can't say 62 [q3_4] How should the international community, that is, other countries react to the war being fought in the area of former Yugoslavia? Force the warring parties to an agreement by using peaceful measures, but definitely not by military action How should the international community, that is, other countries react to the war being fought in the area of former Yugoslavia? Force the warring parties to an agreement by using peaceful measures, but definitely not by military action 1033 1 5 2.15 1.184 1 Strongly agree 360 2 Agree to some extent 371 3 Disagree to some extent 169 4 Strongly disagree 51 5 Can't say 82 [q3_5] How should the international community, that is, other countries react to the war being fought in the area of former Yugoslavia? Force the warring parties to peace by a UN military intervention that is strong enough to end the war How should the international community, that is, other countries react to the war being fought in the area of former Yugoslavia? Force the warring parties to peace by a UN military intervention that is strong enough to end the war 1033 1 5 2.57 1.224 1 Strongly agree 244 2 Agree to some extent 281 3 Disagree to some extent 266 4 Strongly disagree 162 5 Can't say 80 [q3_6] How should the international community, that is, other countries react to the war being fought in the area of former Yugoslavia? If UN is unable to find a solution, Europe and US must use military force to impose peace upon the parties How should the international community, that is, other countries react to the war being fought in the area of former Yugoslavia? If UN is unable to find a solution, Europe and US must use military force to impose peace upon the parties 1033 1 5 2.76 1.240 1 Strongly agree 203 2 Agree to some extent 249 3 Disagree to some extent 262 4 Strongly disagree 230 5 Can't say 89 [q4] If the UN decided to use military force to impose peace upon the warring parties, how would you view Finland's participation in this? If the UN decided to use military force to impose peace upon the warring parties, how would you view Finland's participation in this? 1033 1 6 3.44 1.418 1 Strongly agree 100 2 Agree to some extent 204 3 Difficult to say 235 4 Disagree to some extent 173 5 Strongly disagree 278 6 Can't say 43 [q5] What is your opinion on the defence forces funding? What is your opinion on the defence forces funding? 1033 1 6 3.36 1.020 1 Funding should be increased a lot 33 2 Funding should be increased a little 109 3 Funding should be kept at present level 528 4 Funding should be decreased a little 213 5 Funding should be decreased a lot 120 6 Can't say 30 [q6] Finland has decided to acquire over 60 interceptor aircraft. Do you view this acquisition positively or negatively? Finland has decided to acquire over 60 interceptor aircraft. Do you view this acquisition positively or negatively? 1033 1 3 1.67 .627 1 Positively 432 2 Negatively 513 3 Can't say 88 [q7] What is your opinion on the number of aircraft to be acquired? Is 60 interceptors suitable, should more or fewer be acquired, or should the deal be cancelled altogether? What is your opinion on the number of aircraft to be acquired? Is 60 interceptors suitable, should more or fewer be acquired, or should the deal be cancelled altogether? 1033 1 5 2.67 1.348 1 Current number is suitable 341 2 More should be acquired 49 3 Fewer should be acquired 343 4 Deal should be cancelled altogether 209 5 Can't say 91 [bv1] The respondent's gender The respondent's gender 1033 1 2 1.49 .500 1 Female 523 2 Male 510 [bv2] The respondent's age The respondent's age 1028 15 89 39.62 16.598 [bv3] The respondent's basic education The respondent's basic education 1033 1 4 1.99 .852 1 Primary education or lower 354 2 Lower secondary education 358 3 Upper secondary education (matriculation examination) 296 4 Other 25 [bv4] The respondent's vocational education The respondent's vocational education 1033 1 6 2.54 1.335 1 No vocational education 315 2 Vocational course or other short vocational training 201 3 Vocational/technical/commercial school or equivalent 266 4 College level vocational education 156 5 University or other higher education 83 6 Other 12 [bv5] The gross annual income of the household (total income of all household members before tax) in Finnish marks The gross annual income of the household (total income of all household members before tax) in Finnish marks 1033 1 11 4.61 3.232 1 Under 60,000 183 2 60,001 - 90,000 161 3 90,001 - 120,000 145 4 120,001 - 150,000 120 5 150,001 - 180,000 94 6 180,001 - 210,000 71 7 210,001 - 240,000 54 8 240,001 - 270,000 41 9 270,001 - 300,000 15 10 Over 300,000 36 11 Didn't answer 113 [bv5_1] Who in the household is mainly responsible for everyday shopping? Who in the household is mainly responsible for everyday shopping? 1033 1 3 1.77 .849 1 The respondent 521 2 Someone else than respondent 233 3 The respondent together with other persons (one or more) 279 [bv6_1] Number of household members aged over 16 Number of household members aged over 16 1033 1 7 2.00 .902 [bv6_2] Number of household members aged 7-16 Number of household members aged 7-16 1033 0 4 .31 .665 [bv6_3] Number of household members aged 0-6 Number of household members aged 0-6 1033 0 4 .23 .578 [bv6_4] Number of persons in the household Number of persons in the household 1032 1 13 2.55 1.384 [bv7] Household composition Household composition 1033 1 7 3.97 1.759 1 Single (never married), living with parents 126 2 Single, living alone, aged under 35 113 3 Single, living alone, aged over 35 153 4 Married or cohabiting, no children 177 5 Married or cohabiting, living with children 304 6 Single parent/adult, living with children 58 7 Married or cohabiting couple, children not living at home 102 [bv8_1] Economic activity and occupational status of the person with the highest income in the household Economic activity and occupational status of the person with the highest income in the household 1033 1 8 4.70 1.585 1 Farmer, agricultural entrepreneur 39 2 Other employer, self-employed, own account worker 59 3 Managerial or professional employee 140 4 Intermediate level employee (clerical, technical, administrative) 149 5 Worker 346 6 Pensioner/retired 187 7 Student 76 8 Other 37 [bv8_2] (IF RETIRED): Former economic activity and occupational status of the person with the highest income in the household (IF RETIRED): Former economic activity and occupational status of the person with the highest income in the household 187 1 8 4.10 1.302 1 Farmer, agricultural entrepreneur 16 2 Other employer, self-employed, own account worker 9 3 Managerial or professional employee 20 4 Intermediate level employee (clerical, technical, administrative) 40 5 Worker 101 6 Pensioner/retired 0 7 Student 0 8 Other 1 SYSMISS 846 [bv9] Type of municipality of residence Type of municipality of residence 1033 1 5 3.04 1.131 1 Capital area (incl. Helsinki) 158 2 Turku, Tampere 75 3 Other city/town 461 4 Population centre in a rural area 247 5 Sparsely populated rural area 92 [bv10] If the parliamentary elections were held now, which political party or group would you vote for? If the parliamentary elections were held now, which political party or group would you vote for? 985 1 13 5.45 4.236 1 Centre Party of Finland (KESK) 138 2 Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) 225 3 National Coalition Party (KOK) 144 4 Left Alliance (VAS) 50 5 Swedish People's Party in Finland (RKP) 23 6 Green League (VIHR) 102 7 Christian League of Finland (SKL) 23 8 Finnish Rural Party (SMP) 14 9 Liberal Party (LKP) 6 10 Some other party or group 13 11 Wouldn't vote 71 12 Can't say 104 13 Don't want to say 72 SYSMISS 48 [bv11] If the parliamentary elections were held now, which party or group would be your second choice? If the parliamentary elections were held now, which party or group would be your second choice? 985 1 13 7.00 4.342 1 Centre Party of Finland (KESK) 102 2 Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) 124 3 National Coalition Party (KOK) 102 4 Left Alliance (VAS) 54 5 Swedish People's Party in Finland (RKP) 24 6 Green League (VIHR) 110 7 Christian League of Finland (SKL) 25 8 Finnish Rural Party (SMP) 27 9 Liberal Party (LKP) 22 10 Some other party or group 25 11 Wouldn't vote 120 12 Can't say 164 13 Don't want to say 86 SYSMISS 48 [bv12] Which party or group did you vote for in the 1992 municipal (local) elections? Which party or group did you vote for in the 1992 municipal (local) elections? 985 1 13 5.86 4.263 1 Centre Party of Finland (KESK) 132 2 Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) 187 3 National Coalition Party (KOK) 137 4 Left Alliance (VAS) 56 5 Swedish People's Party in Finland (RKP) 19 6 Green League (VIHR) 96 7 Christian League of Finland (SKL) 25 8 Finnish Rural Party (SMP) 16 9 Liberal Party (LKP) 6 10 Some other party or group 18 11 Didn't vote 177 12 Can't say 31 13 Don't want to say 85 SYSMISS 48 [bv13] The respondent's province of residence The respondent's province of residence 1032 1 11 4.67 3.319 1 Uusimaa 228 2 Turku and Pori 135 3 Tavastia (Häme) 162 4 Kymi 66 5 Mikkeli 59 6 Kuopio 57 7 Central Finland (Keski-Suomi) 52 8 Vaasa 85 9 North Karelia (Pohjois-Karjala) 45 10 Oulu 91 11 Lapland (Lappi) 52 SYSMISS 1