DDI description: Index of Power Resources (IPR) 2007 DDI-kuvailu: Valtaresurssit 2007 2420 Finnish Social Science Data Archive Finnish Social Science Data Archive Finnish Social Science Data Archive 1.0.0 Index of Power Resources (IPR) 2007 [metadata]. Metadata version 1.0.0 (2009-05-14). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd2420; URN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD2420 FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records), joiden tekijä on Suomen yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto (Finnish Social Science Data Archive), on lisensoitu Creative Commons 1.0 Yleismaailmallinen (CC0 1.0) -lisenssillä. FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records) by Suomen yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto (Finnish Social Science Data Archive) are licensed under a Creative Commons 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) license. FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records) av Finlands samhällsvetenskapliga dataarkiv (Finnish Social Science Data Archive) är licensierade under en Creative Commons 1.0 Universiell (CC0 1.0) licens. Index of Power Resources (IPR) 2007 Valtaresurssit 2007 2420 urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD2420 10.60686/t-fsd2420 Vanhanen, Tatu In accordance with the agreement between FSD and the depositor. Finnish Social Science Data Archive Individual datasets

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 1.0 1.0 Vanhanen, Tatu: Index of Power Resources (IPR) 2007 [dataset]. Data version 1.0 (2009-05-14). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd2420; URN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD2420 agricultural society authority democracy democratization economic and social development education literacy political power politics resources rural population social progress Social sciences International politics and organisations Economic conditions and indicators

This survey continues the original dataset "FSD1216 Democratization and Power Resources 1850-2000" collected by professor Tatu Vanhanen, which was a result of long-term research on democratization and power resources. The updated data have been collected from several written sources and published also in Vanhanen's book "The Limits of Democratization". The original sources of the numerical data published in the book have been collected to a separate document, the link to which can be found below in the section Other material: Original sources.

Eight variables are used to measure country-specific resource distribution: 1) Tertiary Enrollment Ratio (%); 2) Adult Literacy Rate (%); 3) Index of Intellectual Power Resources, IR; 4) Family Farms, FF (%); 5) Agricultural Population, AP (%); 6) Estimated Degree of Decentralization of Economic Power Resources, DD; 7) Index of Economic Power Resources, ER; and 8) Index of Power Resources, IPR. The variables have been updated from the previous dataset, and the calculation methods have been specified in some cases, or even reconstructed in a totally new way in some cases.

Tertiary Enrollment Ratio (%) is based on the percentage of students enrolled in universities and institutes of higher learning within the relevant age group. Adult Literacy Rate (%) is calculated as a percentage of adult population. Index of Intellectual Power Resources, IR is the mean of these two variables.

Family Farms, FF (%) means the percentage of total cultivated area or of total area of holdings. The proportion of agricultural population between 2000 and 2005 is coded in variable Agricultural Population, AP (%). Estimated Degree of Decentralization of Economic Power Resources, DD is calculated by adding the percentage of the population living under the poverty line with the richest 10 percent of the population, and then calculating the proportion of their income or expenditure compared to the whole population minus 10 percentage units, and then subtracting the sum from 100. In some cases, the calculated percentage has been increased or decreased for reasons given in detail in Vanhanen Vanhanen's book "The Limits of Democratization". Index of Economic Power Resources, ER is calculated by the formula ER = (FF * AP) + (DD * NAP), where NAP = 100-AP. The last variable, Index of Power Resources, IPR is calculated by dividing the product of Index of Intellectual Power Resources, IR and Index of Economic Power Resources, ER by 100.

 United Arab Emirates Afghanistan Albania Armenia Angola Argentina Austria Australia Azerbaijan Bosnia and Herzegovina Barbados Bangladesh Belgium Burkina Faso Bulgaria Bahrain Burundi Benin Brunei Bolivia Brazil Bahamas Bhutan Botswana Belarus Belize Canada Congo (Zaire) Central African Republic Congo (Brazzaville) Switzerland Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Chile Cameroon China Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Cape Verde Cyprus Czech Republic Germany Djibouti Denmark Dominican Republic Algeria Ecuador Estonia Egypt Eritrea Spain Ethiopia Finland Fiji France Gabon The United Kingdom Georgia Ghana Gambia Guinea Equatorial Guinea Greece Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guyana Honduras Croatia Haiti Hungary Indonesia Ireland Israel India Iraq Iran Iceland Italy Jamaica Jordan Japan Kenya Kyrgyzstan Cambodia Comoros North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kazakhstan Laos Lebanon Sri Lanka Liberia Lesotho Lithuania Luxembourg Latvia Libya Morocco Moldova Montenegro Madagascar Macedonia Mali Myanmar (Burma) Mongolia Mauritania Malta Mauritius Maldives Malawi Mexico Malaysia Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Nicaragua The Netherlands Norway Nepal New Zealand Oman Panama Peru Papua New Guinea Philippines Pakistan Poland Portugal Paraguay Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Solomon Islands Sudan Sweden Singapore Slovenia Slovakia Sierra Leone Senegal Somalia Serbia Suriname El Salvador Syria Swaziland Chad Togo Thailand Tajikistan East Timor (Timor-Leste) Turkmenistan Tunisia Turkey Trinidad and Tobago Taiwan Tanzania Ukraine Uganda The United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Yemen South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Hertzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Myanmar (Burma) Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cap Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo (Zaire) Congo (Brazzaville) Costa Rica Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominican Republic East Timor (Timor-Leste) Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Montenegro Mozambique Namibia Nepal The Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates The United Kingdom The United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Political-administrative area PoliticalAdministrativeArea Country All independent states and Taiwan States whose population was less than 200,000 in 2000 Quantitative Cross-section CrossSection Vanhanen, Tatu Total universe/Complete enumeration TotalUniverseCompleteEnumeration Compilation/Synthesis CompilationSynthesis Data collection guidelines: Secondary data collection guide DataCollectionGuidelines.SecondaryDataCollectionGuide Vanhanen, Tatu (2009). The Limits of Democratization: Climate, Intelligence, and Resource Distribution. Augusta, GA: Washington Summit Publishers. There are no weight variables in the data. Detailed and specific data description in Finnish and English. The data are checked and processed in detail. If necessary, the data are anonymised. Finnish Social Science Data Archive The dataset is (A) openly available for all users without registration (CC BY 4.0). The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. Notify FSD of all publications where you have used the data by sending the citation information to user-services.fsd@tuni.fi. The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data. Vanhanen, Tatu (2009). The Limits of Democratization: Climate, Intelligence, and Resource Distribution. Augusta, GA: Washington Summit Publishers. FSD1216 Democratization and Power Resources 1850-2000 FSD1289 Measures of Democracy 1810-2018 FSD2140 Gender-Weighted Index of Democratization 1995-2010 FSD2588 Ethnic heterogeneity and ethnic conflicts 2003-2010 FSD2817 Ethnic Conflicts and Ethnic Nepotism 2003-2011 Albertus, M. (2015). Autocracy and redistribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316227107 Autocracy and redistribution 10.1017/CBO9781316227107 Albertus, M. (2017). Landowners and democracy: The social origins of democracy reconsidered. World Politics 69(2), 233-276. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887116000277 Landowners and democracy: The social origins of democracy reconsidered 10.1017/S0043887116000277 Albertus, M., Fenner, S., & Slater, D. (2018). Coercive Distribution. 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Evolutionary Psychological Science 3(1), 40-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-016-0073-5 A sequential canonical cascade model of social biogeography: Plants, parasites, and people 10.1007/s40806-016-0073-5 Horn, Florian (2014). Externe Faktoren der Demokratisierung im Arabischen Frühling. Seminar Paper for Fern Universität Hagen. Externe Faktoren der Demokratisierung im Arabischen Frühling Kestilä-Kekkonen, Elina & Vento, Isak (2019). Poliittinen luottamus. Käsitteet, teoriat ja mittaaminen. Teoksessa: Poliittinen ja sosiaalinen luottamus. Polut, trendit ja kuilut (toim. Bäck, Maria & Kestilä-Kekkonen, Elina), 18-34. Helsinki: Valtiovarainministeriö. Valtiovarainministeriön julkaisuja 2019:31. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-367-012-9 Poliittinen luottamus. Käsitteet, teoriat ja mittaaminen URN:ISBN:978-952-367-012-9 Kurkova, Tereza (2015). Vliv nerostneho bohatstvi na uroven demokracie v Latinske Americe. Univerzita Hradec Kralove. Filozoficka fakulta. Katedra politologie. Diplomova prace Vliv nerostneho bohatstvi na uroven demokracie v Latinske Americe Merkel, Wolfgang & Weiffen, Brigitte (2012). Does Heterogeneity Hinder Democracy? Comparative Sociology 11 (3), pp. 387-421. Does Heterogeneity Hinder Democracy? Raymond, Christopher (2016). Explaining the multiparty systems of Western Europe prior to the adoption of proportional representation. Comparative European Politics, 14(3), pp. 253-272. https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2014.27 Explaining the multiparty systems of Western Europe prior to the adoption of proportional representation. 10.1057/cep.2014.27 Raymond, Christopher D. (2015). In defiance of Duverger: The class cleavage and the emergence of district-level multiparty systems in western Europe. Research & Politics, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168014567557 In defiance of Duverger: The class cleavage and the emergence of district-level multiparty systems in western Europe 10.1177/2053168014567557 Theuerkauf, Ulrike (2013). Ethno-Embedded Institutionalism. The Impact of Institutional Repertoires on Ethnic Violence. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. PhD thesis. Ethno-Embedded Institutionalism. The Impact of Institutional Repertoires on Ethnic Violence Theuerkauf, Ulrike (2013). Presidentialism and the Risk of Ethnic Violence. A Reply to Reilly, Sisk, Basedau and McGarry. Ethnopolitics 12(1): 98-103. Presidentialism and the Risk of Ethnic Violence. A Reply to Reilly, Sisk, Basedau and McGarry Van Gunten, T., & Kohl, S. (2019). The inversion of the "really big trade-off": homeownership and pensions in long-run perspective. West European Politics 43(2), 435-463. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1609285 The inversion of the "really big trade-off": homeownership and pensions in long-run perspective 10.1080/01402382.2019.1609285 Vanhanen, Tatu (2009). The Limits of Democratization: Climate, Intelligence, and Resource Distribution. Augusta, GA: Washington Summit Publishers. The Limits of Democratization: Climate, Intelligence, and Resource Distribution Vanhanen, Tatu (2011). Globaalit haasteet. Demokratia, etninen väkivalta ja eriarvoisuus. Esitelmä Tilastoseuran Globaalit muutokset ja tilastotiede -iltapäiväseminaarissa 4.3.2010. Teoksessa: Suomen Tilastoseuran vuosikirja 2010, 104-115. Helsinki: Suomen Tilastoseura. Globaalit haasteet. Demokratia, etninen väkivalta ja eriarvoisuus Vanhanen, Tatu (2013). Miksi Kiina lähtee lentoon ja Kongo ei? Yhteiskuntien älykkyyserot ja niiden huomiointi kehityksessä. Helsinki: East-West Books. Miksi Kiina lähtee lentoon ja Kongo ei? Yhteiskuntien älykkyyserot ja niiden huomiointi kehityksessä Woodley of Menie, M. A., Fernandes, H. B., José Figueredo, A., & Meisenberg, G. (2015). By their words ye shall know them: Evidence of genetic selection against general intelligence and concurrent environmental enrichment in vocabulary usage since the mid 19th century. Frontiers in psychology 6:361. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00361 By their words ye shall know them: Evidence of genetic selection against general intelligence and concurrent environmental enrichment in vocabulary usage since the mid 19th century 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00361. daF2420e.por 172 13 SPSS Portable [fsd_no] FSD study number FSD study number 172 2420 2420 2420.00 .000 [fsd_vr] FSD edition number FSD edition number 172 1.0 1.0 1.000 .0000 [fsd_id] FSD case id FSD case id 172 1 172 86.50 49.796 [fsd_li] FSD license CC BY 4.0 FSD license CC BY 4.0 [bv1] Country Country [q1] Tertiary Enrollment Ratio (%) Tertiary Enrollment Ratio (%) 172 0 89 26.30 23.832 [q2] Adult Literacy Rate (%) Adult Literacy Rate (%) 172 7 99 80.42 21.560 [q3] Index of Intellectual Power Resources Index of Intellectual Power Resources 172 10.5 93.5 53.512 20.5002 [q4] Family Farms (%) Family Farms (%) 172 5 99 48.87 21.210 [q5] Agricultural Population (%) Agricultural Population (%) 172 0 93 36.55 29.328 [q6] Estimated Degree of Decentralization of Economic Power Resources Estimated Degree of Decentralization of Economic Power Resources 172 5 85 43.81 23.125 [q7] Index of Economic Power Resources Index of Economic Power Resources 172 5.0 84.3 48.830 18.5726 [q8] Index of Power Resources Index of Power Resources 172 3.0 76.6 28.285 19.4186