FSD3259 Understanding People and Understanding Things 2013

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Aineiston nimi

Understanding People and Understanding Things 2013

Aineistonumero

FSD3259

Pysyvä tunniste

urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD3259

Aineiston laatu

Kvantitatiivinen aineisto

Tekijät

Sisällön kuvaus

The psychological study charted beliefs, thinking and reasoning. It surveyed, among others, the respondents' religiosity, spatial awareness, capacity for empathy, ability to understand other people and the inanimate nature, as well as their intuitive, reflective and flexible thinking. Some of the batteries of questions included standardised measures and some were developed by the researchers. The goal of the project was to examine reasoning skills, intuitive skills in psychology and physics and the relationship of these skills with supernatural beliefs. A follow-up data collection from the same respondents was conducted in 2015 and it resulted in 420 responses. This follow-up dataset is also available at FSD: FSD3260 Understanding People and Understanding Things 2013 and 2015.

The respondents were first asked about what their and their parents' jobs were or had been like, how empathetic they were (using the Short Empathy Quotient) and whether they agreed with some teleological explanations of how the natural world works (e.g. "Moss forms on rocks to slow down soil erosion"). Autistic traits were charted using the Autism Spectrum Quotient Short Form. Intuitive thinking was surveyed, and the respondents were presented five mental rotation tasks.

The respondents' gender roles were examined (Sex Role Inventory) as well as their drive to analyse and explore systems (Short Systemizing Quotient). Paranormal and magical beliefs (e.g. telepathy, witchcraft, angels, miracles) were surveyed. The respondents were presented the Revised Eyes Test where they were requested to assess the emotional states of persons based on the images of their eyes. They were also presented questions and statements relating to social intelligence (Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale) and asked whether they thought certain fictional events presented had a special purpose or significance. Leisure time activities and interpersonal relationships (Friendship Scale) were charted.

The respondents were asked whether they liked observing the order or rules of different things and whether they kept things in good order. They were presented items from the Physical Prediction Questionnaire, where they were asked to predict the direction a lever would move in response to a movement of a connected lever. A number of statements were also presented, and the respondents were asked to assess whether they were literal or metaphorical (e.g. "The house knows its history", "Flowing water is a liquid"). The tendency to think in an intuitive or analytical manner was charted using selected items from the Rational-Experiential Inventory. Schizotypal traits were surveyed (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire Brief).

The Cognitive Reflection Test was used to measure cognitive processing. Finally, the respondents were presented a pictorial empathy test and map tasks designed by the researcher. The former charted whether certain images evoked emotions in the respondents and the latter asked them to place an image of a city on a map.

Background variables included, among others, age, gender, religious denomination, handedness, education, economic activity, place of study, field of study or work, and the most recent grade in mathematics and physics.

Asiasanat

beliefs; cognitive processes; emotional states; magic; perception; personality; personality traits; problem solving; reasoning; social interaction; supernatural

Tieteenala/Aihealue

Sarja

Individual datasets

Jakelija

Finnish Social Science Data Archive

Käyttöoikeudet

The dataset is (B) available for research, teaching and study.

Kerääjät

  • Lindeman, Marjaana (University of Helsinki. Department of Psychology and Logopedics)
  • Svedholm-Häkkinen, Annika (University of Helsinki. Department of Psychology and Logopedics)
  • Riekki, Tapani (University of Helsinki. Department of Psychology and Logopedics)

Rahoittajat

  • Academy of Finland (266573)

Ajallinen kattavuus

2013

Aineistonkeruun ajankohta

2013-10 – 2013-11

Maa

Finland

Kohdealue

Finland

Havaintoyksikkötyyppi

Individual

Perusjoukko/otos

Finnish-speaking people aged 18 or over residing in Finland

Tutkimuksen aikaulottuvuus

Cross-section

Otantamenetelmä

Non-probability: Availability

The participants were recruited through open discussion forums online and student email lists. The participants were able to share the invitation with others. Participation was voluntary and there were no exclusion criteria.

Keruumenetelmä

Self-administered questionnaire: Web-based (CAWI)

Keruuväline tai –ohje

Structured questionnaire

Datatiedostojen kieli

Aineistopaketti voi sisältää samoja tiedostoja eri kielisinä.

Aineisto sisältää datatiedostoja seuraavilla kielillä: suomi.

Tietoarkisto kääntää kvantitatiivisia datatiedostoja englanniksi. Lisätietoja käännöspyynnön jättämisestä.

Datan versio

1.0

Katso myös

FSD3260 Understanding People and Understanding Things 2013 and 2015

Aineiston käytössä huomioitavaa

The questionnaire does not contain the images related to the Pictorial Empathy Test battery 'PET' but they are available in a separate file. In the map task, negative values for x1-y4 signify that the participant has clicked on a position outside the map. Variables x1oikein through yhtoik were added to the data based on the original researchers' syntaxes and they contain information on whether the respondent clicked on the correct spot on the map. The size of the correct spot was defined as 40 pixels wide and high. In order to have a value of 1 in variables k1oikein - k4oikein, the respondent had to have both x and y values correct - otherwise the value is 0.

The data do not contain open-ended responses or questions related to stories presented to the respondents. Image variable pet5_1 was removed from the data at the researchers' request.

Painokertoimet

There are no weight variables in the data.

Viittausvaatimus

The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication.

Malliviittaus

Lindeman, Marjaana (University of Helsinki) & Svedholm-Häkkinen, Annika (University of Helsinki) & Riekki, Tapani (University of Helsinki): Understanding People and Understanding Things 2013 [dataset]. Version 1.0 (2019-07-03). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD3259

Julkaisusta tiedottaminen

Notify FSD of all publications where you have used the data by sending the citation information to user-services.fsd@tuni.fi.

Varaumat

The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data.

Julkaisut aineistosta Tooltip

Svedholm-Häkkinen, A. M., & Lindeman, M. (2018). Actively Open-Minded Thinking: Development of a shortened scale and disentangling attitudes towards knowledge and people. Thinking & Reasoning, 24, 2140.

Lindeman, M. & Lipsanen, J. (2017). Mentalizing: Seeking the underlying dimensions. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 9, 10-23.

Svedholm-Häkkinen, A. M., Ojala, S. J., & Lindeman, M. (2018). Male brain type women and female brain type men: Gender atypical cognitive profiles and their correlates. Personality and Individual Differences, 122, 7-12.

Svedholm-Häkkinen, A. M., Halme, S., & Lindeman, M. (2018). Empathizing and systemizing are differentially related to dimensions of autistic traits in the general population. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 18, 35-42.

Svedholm-Häkkinen, A. M. & Lindeman, M. (2017): Intuitive and Deliberative Empathizers and Systemizers. Journal of Personality, 85, 593-602.

Lindeman, M., Koirikivi, I. & Lipsanen, J. (2016). Pictorial Empathy Test (PET). An easy-to-use method for assessing affective empathic reactions. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000353

Svedholm-Häkkinen, A. M. & Lindeman, M. (2016). Testing the Empathizing-Systemizing theory in the general population: Occupations, vocational interests, grades, hobbies, friendship quality, social intelligence, and sex role identity. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 365-370.

Lindeman, M. & Lipsanen, J. (2016). Diverse cognitive profiles of religious believers and nonbelievers. International Journal for The Psychology of Religion, 26, 185-192.

Lindeman, M., Svedholm-Häkkinen, A. M., Lipsanen, J. (2015). Ontological confusions but not mentalizing abilities predict religious belief, paranormal belief, and belief in supernatural purpose. Cognition, 134, 63-76.

Koirikivi, Iiro (2014). Measurement of affective empathy with Pictorial Empathy Test (PET). University of Helsinki. Psychology Master's Thesis.

Halme, Saara (2015). Empatisoinnin ja systemoinnin yhteys autistisiin piirteisiin normaaliväestössä. Helsinki: Helsingin yliopisto. Psykologian pro gradu -tutkielma. URN:NBN:fi:hulib-201505191254

Tanskanen, Katri (2015). Ajattelutyylin yhteys yliluonnollisiin uskomuksiin, sekä sukupuolen ja iän moderoiva vaikutus tuohon yhteyteen. Helsinki: Helsingin yliopisto. Psykologian pro gradu -tutkielma. URN:NBN:fi:hulib-201510153732

Napola, Jukka (2015). Cognitive biases, cognitive miserliness, and belief inflexibility. Comparing paranormal and religious believers and sceptics in terms of analytical and intuitive thinking. Helsinki: University of Helsinki. Psykologian pro gradu -tutkielma. URN:NBN:fi:hulib-201601281102

Lindeman, M., Koirikivi, I., & Lipsanen, J. (2018). Pictorial Empathy Test. An easy-to use method of affective empathic abilities. European Journal of Psychological Assessment., 34, 421-431. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000353

Lindeman, M. & Svedholm-Häkkinen, A. M. (2016). Does poor understanding of physical world predict religious and paranormal beliefs? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30, 736-742.

Ojala, Sini (2016). Male brain type women and female brain type men: Atypical cognitive styles and their correlates. Helsinki: University of Helsinki. Psychology Master's thesis.URN:NBN:fi:hulib-201701231111

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