DDI description: Citizens' opinion: Polarisation of Political Attitudes 2021 DDI-kuvailu: Kansalaismielipide: Poliittisten asenteiden polarisaatio 2021 4049 Finnish Social Science Data Archive Finnish Social Science Data Archive Finnish Social Science Data Archive 1.0.0 Citizens' opinion: Polarisation of Political Attitudes 2021 [metadata]. Metadata version 1.0.0 (2026-05-05). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd4049; URN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD4049 FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records), joiden tekijä on Suomen yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto (Finnish Social Science Data Archive), on lisensoitu Creative Commons 1.0 Yleismaailmallinen (CC0 1.0) -lisenssillä. FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records) by Suomen yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto (Finnish Social Science Data Archive) are licensed under a Creative Commons 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) license. FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records) av Finlands samhällsvetenskapliga dataarkiv (Finnish Social Science Data Archive) är licensierade under en Creative Commons 1.0 Universiell (CC0 1.0) licens. Citizens' opinion: Polarisation of Political Attitudes 2021 Kansalaismielipide: Poliittisten asenteiden polarisaatio 2021 4049 urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD4049 10.60686/t-fsd4049 Strandberg, Kim 0000-0001-6357-5643 Suuronen, Aleksi 0000-0002-4984-2853 Kawecki, Daniel 0000-0002-6111-6184 Kekkonen, Arto 0000-0001-6058-0025 In accordance with the agreement between FSD and the depositor. 345714 Finnish Social Science Data Archive FIRIPO Citizens' Opinion

Citizens' Opinion (in Finnish) is a survey panel focusing on society and politics. Members of the panel participate in different online surveys a few times each year. The panel is administered by Åbo Akademi University's Social Science Research Institute and is part of the Finnish Research Infrastructure for Public Opinion (FIRIPO) funded by the Academy of Finland. The recruiting of members for the panel began in 2019, and the panel currently has thousands of participants. The Citizens' Opinion panel offers possibilities to track developments in public opinion over time and makes it possible to react swiftly to current events and launch quick surveys that examine public opinion with a representative sample.

1.0 Strandberg, Kim (Åbo Akademi University) & Suuronen, Aleksi (Åbo Akademi University) & Kawecki, Daniel (University of Helsinki) & Kekkonen, Arto (University of Helsinki): Citizens' opinion: Polarisation of Political Attitudes 2021 [dataset]. Data version 1.0 (2026-04-06). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd4049; URN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD4049 social and political polarization political parties politics political attitudes party identification voting parliamentary elections political ideologies political participation Social sciences Political behaviour and attitudes

The data were used to examine respondents' political attitudes and behaviour, identification with political parties, voting in the 2019 parliamentary elections, and attitudes towards people supporting different political parties. The data were collected as part of the Citizen Opinion Panel, which is part of the national infrastructure for measuring public opinion (The Finnish Research Infrastructure for Public Opinion, FIRIPO).

First, respondents were asked to place themselves on the value liberal-conservative and left-right scales and to assess how well various terms, such as patriotic and feminist, described them. Next, questions were asked about support for and opposition to different political parties, as well as voting in the 2019 parliamentary elections. Respondents were also asked whether there were other parties in these elections that they could have considered voting for, or that they would under no circumstances have voted for. In addition, the survey examined, for example, respondents' civic participation, opinions on various proposals concerning the future direction of Finland, time use related to the consumption of political and societal content, and how willing respondents would be to be friends or colleagues with people supporting different political parties.

The background variables of the data include region, gender, level of education, life situation, mother tongue, and age group.

Finland Finland Individual Individual Finnish citizens aged 18 and over living in Finland Quantitative Cross-section CrossSection Citizens' Opinion Mixed probability and non-probability MixedProbabilityNonprobability

The sample consisted of 2,000 participants from the Citizens' Opinion Panel (FIRIPO), most of whom were recruited using various probability sampling methods.

Self-administered questionnaire: Web-based (CAWI) SelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.CAWI Structured questionnaire Questionnaire.Structured The data include a weight variable (weight) that adjusts the data to be representative of the sample with respect to gender, level of education, and age group. 78 The survey questionnaire has not been preserved. For technical reasons, some of the question wordings in the data have had to be shortened. The full-length question wordings are available in Aila in the Variables section of the dataset and in the data guide provided at the time of data download. Variables MED_1_3 and MED_3_3 contain an incorrect label 'SanoMieshdet” resulting from an automatic translation, which should read 'Sanomalehdet” (Newspapers). The same error was likely present in the original questionnaire, which has not been preserved. The label was not corrected in the archived data, as respondents most likely answered a questionnaire that included the erroneous translation. Detailed and specific data description in Finnish and English. The data are checked and processed in detail. If necessary, the data are anonymised. Finnish Social Science Data Archive The dataset is (B) available for research, teaching and study. The dataset is (D) available only by permission from the data depositor/creator. The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. Notify FSD of all publications where you have used the data by sending the citation information to user-services.fsd@tuni.fi. The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data. For identification risk reasons, the researcher has anonymised the data by grouping the municipalities in the municipality variable into regions. For the same reason, all open-ended responses have been removed. At the Finnish Social Science Data Archive, the data have been further anonymised by removing the year-of-birth variable. Kekkonen, A., Suuronen, A., Kawecki, D., & Strandberg, K. (2022). Puzzles in affective polarization research: party attitudes, partisan social distance, and multiple party identification. Frontiers in Political Science, 4, Artikkeli 920567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.920567 Puzzles in affective polarization research: party attitudes, partisan social distance, and multiple party identification