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    <citation>
      <titlStmt>
        <titl>DDI description: Distance Learning during COVID‑19 School Closures: Survey of Years 1-3 Pupils 2020</titl>
        <parTitl xml:lang="fi">DDI-kuvailu: Koronapandemian poikkeusolojen etäopetus: peruskoulun 1.-3.-luokkalaisten kysely 2020</parTitl>
        <IDNo agency="FSD">4080</IDNo>
      </titlStmt>
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        <producer abbr="FSD">Finnish Social Science Data Archive</producer>
        <copyright>Finnish Social Science Data Archive</copyright>
        <prodPlac>Finnish Social Science Data Archive</prodPlac>
      </prodStmt>
      <verStmt>
        <version date="2026-08-21" type="mef_eng">1.0.0</version>
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      <biblCit>Distance Learning during COVID‑19 School Closures: Survey of Years 1-3 Pupils 2020 [metadata]. Metadata version 1.0.0 (2026-08-21). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd4080; URN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD4080</biblCit>
      <holdings location="Finnish Social Science Data Archive FSD" URI="https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD4080" />
    </citation>
    <notes xml:lang="fi">FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records), joiden tekijä on Suomen yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto (Finnish Social Science Data Archive), on lisensoitu Creative Commons 1.0 Yleismaailmallinen (CC0 1.0) -lisenssillä.
      <ExtLink URI="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.fi" />
    </notes>
    <notes xml:lang="en">FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records) by Suomen yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto (Finnish Social Science Data Archive) are licensed under a Creative Commons 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) license.
      <ExtLink URI="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en" />
    </notes>
    <notes xml:lang="sv">FSD:n aineistokuvailut (FSD metadata records) av Finlands samhällsvetenskapliga dataarkiv (Finnish Social Science Data Archive) är licensierade under en Creative Commons 1.0 Universiell (CC0 1.0) licens.
      <ExtLink URI="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.sv" />
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    <citation>
      <titlStmt>
        <titl>Distance Learning during COVID‑19 School Closures: Survey of Years 1-3 Pupils 2020</titl>
        <parTitl xml:lang="fi">Koronapandemian poikkeusolojen etäopetus: peruskoulun 1.-3.-luokkalaisten kysely 2020</parTitl>
        <IDNo agency="FSD">4080</IDNo>
        <IDNo agency="URN">urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD4080</IDNo>
        <IDNo agency="DOI">10.60686/t-fsd4080</IDNo>
      </titlStmt>
      <rspStmt>
        <AuthEnty affiliation="University of Turku">Aerila, Juli-Anna
          <ExtLink URI="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1109-8803" role="PID" title="ORCID">0000-0002-1109-8803</ExtLink>
        </AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty affiliation="University of Turku">Jankama, Hilppa</AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty affiliation="University of Turku">Keinänen, Heli
          <ExtLink URI="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3193-7157" role="PID" title="ORCID">0000-0003-3193-7157</ExtLink>
        </AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty affiliation="University of Turku">Kemppinen, Lauri
          <ExtLink URI="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1592-6944" role="PID" title="ORCID">0000-0002-1592-6944</ExtLink>
        </AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty affiliation="University of Turku">Koivisto, Kimmo</AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty affiliation="University of Turku">Koski, Pasi
          <ExtLink URI="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5352-3698" role="PID" title="ORCID">0000-0001-5352-3698</ExtLink>
        </AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty affiliation="University of Turku">Kärki, Tomi
          <ExtLink URI="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5711-2164" role="PID" title="ORCID">0000-0002-5711-2164</ExtLink>
        </AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty affiliation="University of Turku">Nieminen, Noora
          <ExtLink URI="https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3872-3899" role="PID" title="ORCID">0009-0002-3872-3899</ExtLink>
        </AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty affiliation="University of Turku">Orell, Miina
          <ExtLink URI="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6519-7751" role="PID" title="ORCID">0000-0002-6519-7751</ExtLink>
        </AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty affiliation="University of Turku">Vänttinen, Juha</AuthEnty>
        <AuthEnty affiliation="University of Turku">Yrjänäinen, Sari
          <ExtLink URI="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1246-2902" role="PID" title="ORCID">0000-0002-1246-2902</ExtLink>
        </AuthEnty>
      </rspStmt>
      <prodStmt>
        <copyright>In accordance with the agreement between FSD and the depositor.</copyright>
      </prodStmt>
      <distStmt>
        <distrbtr abbr="FSD" URI="https://www.fsd.tuni.fi/">Finnish Social Science Data Archive</distrbtr>
        <distDate date="2026-08-21" />
      </distStmt>
      <serStmt ID="S8" URI="https://services.fsd.tuni.fi/catalogue/series/8?lang=en">
        <serName>Individual datasets</serName>
        <serInfo>
          <p>Individual datasets that do not belong to any series.</p>
        </serInfo>
      </serStmt>
      <verStmt>
        <version date="2026-08-18" type="main_data">1.0</version>
      </verStmt>
      <biblCit>Aerila, Juli-Anna (University of Turku) &amp; Jankama, Hilppa (University of Turku) &amp; Keinänen, Heli (University of Turku) &amp; Kemppinen, Lauri (University of Turku) &amp; Koivisto, Kimmo (University of Turku) &amp; Koski, Pasi (University of Turku) &amp; Kärki, Tomi (University of Turku) &amp; Nieminen, Noora (University of Turku) &amp; Orell, Miina (University of Turku) &amp; Vänttinen, Juha (University of Turku) &amp; Yrjänäinen, Sari (University of Turku): Distance Learning during COVID‑19 School Closures: Survey of Years 1-3 Pupils 2020 [dataset]. Data version 1.0 (2026-08-18). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd4080; URN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD4080</biblCit>
      <holdings location="Finnish Social Science Data Archive FSD" URI="https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD4080" />
    </citation>
    <stdyInfo>
      <subject>
        <keyword vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id">primary schools</keyword>
        <keyword vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id">primary education</keyword>
        <keyword vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id">schoolchildren</keyword>
        <keyword vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id">COVID-19</keyword>
        <keyword vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id">distance education</keyword>
        <keyword vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id">teaching</keyword>
        <keyword vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id">well-being (health)</keyword>
        <keyword vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id">educational attendance</keyword>
        <keyword vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id">learning</keyword>
        <keyword vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id">children</keyword>
        <keyword vocab="ELSST" vocabURI="https://elsst.cessda.eu/id">educational facilities</keyword>
        <topcClas vocab="OKM" vocabURI="http://www.yso.fi/onto/okm-tieteenala/conceptscheme">Social sciences</topcClas>
        <topcClas vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/urn/urn:ddi:int.cessda.cv:TopicClassification:4.2.3">Compulsory and pre-school education</topcClas>
        <topcClas vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/urn/urn:ddi:int.cessda.cv:TopicClassification:4.2.3">Children</topcClas>
        <topcClas vocab="CESSDA Topic Classification" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/urn/urn:ddi:int.cessda.cv:TopicClassification:4.2.3">Social conditions and indicators</topcClas>
      </subject>
      <abstract>
        <p>The dataset contains responses to a survey concerning remote schooling and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic among pupils in grades 1 to 3. The survey could be completed in either Finnish or English. The data were collected as part of the broader Distance Learning (DisLe) research project.</p>
        <p>First, the survey examined what kinds of devices pupils used during distance learning and how well they managed to use different devices, such as computers or mobile phones. Next, pupils were asked about the organisation of distance learning, working methods used during distance learning, how meaningful they found distance learning, and their experiences of loneliness during that time. Among other things, pupils were asked whether distance learning days had felt long, how teachers kept in contact with them, and whether they had missed teaching in their own classroom or normal recess breaks. Finally, pupils were asked how well they had learned different school subjects during distance learning and whether they had received help from their teacher or their parents during distance learning.</p>
        <p>Background variables include the language spoken at home, the number of siblings, and grade level.</p>
      </abstract>
      <sumDscr>
        <timePrd event="single" date="2020" />
        <collDate event="start" date="2020-05-15" />
        <collDate event="end" date="2020-08-31" />
        <nation abbr="FI">Finland</nation>
        <geogCover>Finland</geogCover>
        <anlyUnit>Individual
          <concept vocab="DDI Analysis Unit" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/urn/urn:ddi:int.ddi.cv:AnalysisUnit:2.1.3">Individual</concept>
        </anlyUnit>
        <universe clusion="I">Pupils in grades 1-3 of comprehensive school</universe>
        <dataKind>Quantitative</dataKind>
      </sumDscr>
    </stdyInfo>
    <method>
      <dataColl>
        <timeMeth>Cross-section
          <concept vocab="DDI Time Method" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/urn/urn:ddi:int.ddi.cv:TimeMethod:1.2.3">CrossSection</concept>
        </timeMeth>
        <dataCollector affiliation="University of Turku">Aerila, Juli-Anna</dataCollector>
        <dataCollector affiliation="University of Turku">Jankama, Hilppa</dataCollector>
        <dataCollector affiliation="University of Turku">Keinänen, Heli</dataCollector>
        <dataCollector affiliation="University of Turku">Kemppinen, Lauri</dataCollector>
        <dataCollector affiliation="University of Turku">Koivisto, Kimmo</dataCollector>
        <dataCollector affiliation="University of Turku">Koski, Pasi</dataCollector>
        <dataCollector affiliation="University of Turku">Kärki, Tomi</dataCollector>
        <dataCollector affiliation="University of Turku">Nieminen, Noora</dataCollector>
        <dataCollector affiliation="University of Turku">Orell, Miina</dataCollector>
        <dataCollector affiliation="University of Turku">Vänttinen, Juha</dataCollector>
        <dataCollector affiliation="University of Turku">Yrjänäinen, Sari</dataCollector>
        <sampProc>Non-probability: Availability
          <concept vocab="DDI Sampling Procedure" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/urn/urn:ddi:int.ddi.cv:SamplingProcedure:2.0.2">Nonprobability.Availability</concept>
        </sampProc>
        <sampProc>
          <p>Data were collected in collaboration with school principals and local education authorities in a targeted manner from schools at the Teacher Training School of the University of Turku and in two cities in Western Finland. School principals distributed the parental information letters and the survey through the schools' communication channels. In one city, an announcement and a survey link were also published on the city's website. Participation was voluntary. For underage respondents, parental consent was confirmed at the beginning of the survey. In some schools, time was used during lessons to complete the survey. Data were also collected through a public survey link shared in newspapers, on city and newspaper websites, and on social media. Responses were received from across Finland.</p>
          <p>The research data were collected using an electronic Microsoft Forms questionnaire that included a text-to-speech function to facilitate survey completion.</p>
        </sampProc>
        <collMode>Self-administered questionnaire: Web-based (CAWI)
          <concept vocab="DDI Mode of Collection" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/urn/urn:ddi:int.ddi.cv:ModeOfCollection:5.0.1">SelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.CAWI</concept>
        </collMode>
        <resInstru>Structured questionnaire
          <concept vocab="DDI Type of Instrument" vocabURI="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/urn/urn:ddi:int.ddi.cv:TypeOfInstrument:1.1.2">Questionnaire.Structured</concept>
        </resInstru>
        <weight>There are no weight variables in the data.</weight>
      </dataColl>
      <anlyInfo>
        <dataAppr>The questionnaires were not preserved and therefore could not be archived.</dataAppr>
      </anlyInfo>
      <stdyClas type="A">Detailed and specific data description in Finnish and English. The data are checked and processed in detail. If necessary, the data are anonymised.</stdyClas>
    </method>
    <dataAccs>
      <setAvail>
        <accsPlac URI="https://www.fsd.tuni.fi/">Finnish Social Science Data Archive</accsPlac>
        <complete>The dataset does not include a gender variable, as gender information could not be collected from all respondents due to a technical error.</complete>
      </setAvail>
      <useStmt>
        <restrctn>The dataset is (B) available for research, teaching and study.</restrctn>
        <citReq>The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication.</citReq>
        <deposReq>Notify FSD of all publications where you have used the data by sending the citation information to user-services.fsd@tuni.fi.</deposReq>
        <disclaimer>The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data.</disclaimer>
      </useStmt>
      <notes type="TIIPII">For reasons of identifiability, the dataset has been anonymised at the Finnish Social Science Data Archive by removing two variables that described the respondent's school and/or place of residence.</notes>
    </dataAccs>
    <othrStdyMat>
      <relMat>The study description draws on the section describing the research design in the article by Miina Orell, Juli-Anna Aerila, Mari Siipola, Heli Keinänen, Tomi Kärki, Lauri Kemppinen and Pasi Koski (2022), "Oppiaineiden oppiminen kevään 2020 hätäetäopetuksen oppimisympäristöissä - Peruskoulun alimpien luokkien oppilaiden kokemuksia". [Available in Finnish]
        <ExtLink URI="http://hdl.handle.net/10138/353562" />
      </relMat>
      <relStdy>FSD4081 Distance Learning during COVID-19 School Closures: Survey of Pupils in Years 4-9 and Upper Secondary School Students 2020
        <ExtLink URI="https://services.fsd.uta.fi/catalogue/FSD4081?lang=en&amp;study_language=en" />
      </relStdy>
      <relStdy>FSD4082 Distance Learning during COVID‑19 School Closures: Teacher Survey 2020
        <ExtLink URI="https://services.fsd.uta.fi/catalogue/FSD4082?lang=en&amp;study_language=en" />
      </relStdy>
      <relStdy>FSD4083 Distance Learning during COVID‑19 School Closures: Parent Survey 2020
        <ExtLink URI="https://services.fsd.uta.fi/catalogue/FSD4083?lang=en&amp;study_language=en" />
      </relStdy>
      <relPubl xml:lang="fi">ORELL, M., AERILA, J-A., SIIPOLA, M., KEINÄNEN, H., KEMPPINEN, L., KÄRKI, T. &amp; KOSKI, P. (2021) Perusopetuksen alimpien luokkien oppilaiden kokemuksia pandemian aikaisesta etäopetusjaksosta. Sosiaalipedagoginen aikakauskirja, vol. 22, 111-135.
        <citation>
          <titlStmt>
            <titl>Perusopetuksen alimpien luokkien oppilaiden kokemuksia pandemian aikaisesta etäopetusjaksosta</titl>
          </titlStmt>
          <distStmt>
            <distDate date="2021" />
          </distStmt>
        </citation>
      </relPubl>
      <relPubl xml:lang="fi">ORELL, M., AERILA, J-A., SIIPOLA, M., KEINÄNEN, H., KÄRKI, T., KEMPPINEN, L., &amp; KOSKI, P. (2022) Oppiaineiden oppiminen kevään 2020 hätäetäopetuksen oppimisympäristöissä - Peruskoulun alimpien luokkien oppilaiden kokemuksia. Teoksessa S. Routarinne, P. Heinonen, T. Kärki, A. Roiha, M-L. Rönkkö &amp; A. Korkeaniemi (toim.) Ainedidaktiikka ajassa: Laajenevat oppimisympäristöt ja eri-ikäiset oppijat. Suomen ainedidaktisen tutkimusseuran julkaisuja, Ainedidaktisia tutkimuksia 22. Rauma: Turun yliopisto, 12-32.
        <citation>
          <titlStmt>
            <titl>Oppiaineiden oppiminen kevään 2020 hätäetäopetuksen oppimisympäristöissä - Peruskoulun alimpien luokkien oppilaiden kokemuksia</titl>
          </titlStmt>
          <distStmt>
            <distDate date="2022" />
          </distStmt>
        </citation>
      </relPubl>
    </othrStdyMat>
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