Select variable

[fsd_no] FSD study number

[fsd_vr] FSD edition number

[fsd_id] FSD case id

[a1] Identification number

[a2] Interviewer id (for individual interviewers)

[a3] Interviewer gender

[a4_1] Date of the interview: month (1-12)

[a4_2] Date of the interview: weekday

[a6] Interview language (questionnaire language)

[q01] How interested are you in politics?

[k1_1] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Television debates and party leader interviews

[k1_2] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Television news and current affairs programmes

[k1_3] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Television entertainment programmes featuring politicians

[k1_4] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Radio programmes

[k1_5] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Newspaper articles, columns or letters to the editor

[k1_6] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Television, radio, newspaper and Internet advertising

[k1_7] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: News broadcasts on the Internet or social media

[k1_8] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Other online news covering elections, e.g. newspaper websites

[k1_9] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Websites of the candidates and political parties

[k1_10] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Blogs

[k1_11] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Candidate selectors on the Internet

[k1_12] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Social media, e.g. Facebook, Twitter or Instagram

[k1_13] How much attention did you pay to media coverage of the parliamentary elections: Videos of the candidates or political parties on the Internet, e.g. YouTube

[k2] How often do you use the Internet?

[k3] Generally, that is, not only during elections, how often do you discuss political and social issues with people?

[k4] How stable is your political party identification?

[k5] Which social class would you say you belong to?

[k6] Which of the following alternatives best describes your childhood home?

[q11] In your opinion, how has the state of economy in Finland changed over the past twelve months?

[k7_1] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Democracy may have its problems but it is better than any other form of government

[k7_2] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Important national issues should more often be decided by a referendum

[k7_3] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? To complement representative democracy, public debates on policy issues should be organised for ordinary citizens

[k7_4] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I avoid people whose values, attitudes or opinions differ from my own

[k7_5] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I think voting is a civic duty

[k7_6] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? If a voter so wished, he/she should be able to vote in parliamentary elections merely for a party without having to choose a candidate

[k7_7] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Things would be better in Finland if independent experts made the decisions instead of politicians and citizens

[k7_8] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Parties should announce clearly during the election campaign which parties they are willing to form a coalition government with

[k7_9] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? It doesn't really matter which parties form the Government, policy decisions will be the same

[k7_10] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Even though voters vote for a party in elections in many other countries, it is important to me to be able to vote for a candidate in parliamentary elections

[k7_11] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? The state-level citizens' initiative has promoted the performance of democracy in Finland

[k8] Have you signed any state-level citizens' initiatives?

[k9] Are you a member of any political party?

[k10_1] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? By voting, ordinary people can influence political decision-making

[k10_2] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Those elected to parliament soon lose touch with the problems of ordinary people

[k10_3] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I have no say in what the Government and Parliament decide

[k10_4] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Political parties are only interested in people's votes, not in their opinions

[k10_5] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Sometimes politics seems so complicated that I cannot quite understand what is going on

[k10_6] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Finnish members of parliament are competent in their work

[k10_7] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Political decision-makers take citizens' views into consideration when making decisions

[k10_8] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I trust in my ability to participate in politics

[k10_9] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? One can never trust the pre-election promises of any party

[k11_1] People have different views on who a member of parliament should primarily represent. What do you personally think? Number the response options in order of importance. THE MOST IMPORTANT

[k11_2] People have different views on who a member of parliament should primarily represent. What do you personally think? Number the response options in order of importance. SECOND MOST IMPORTANT

[k11_3] People have different views on who a member of parliament should primarily represent. What do you personally think? Number the response options in order of importance. THIRD MOST IMPORTANT

[k11_4] People have different views on who a member of parliament should primarily represent. What do you personally think? Number the response options in order of importance. FOURTH MOST IMPORTANT

[k11_5] People have different views on who a member of parliament should primarily represent. What do you personally think? Number the response options in order of importance. FIFTH MOST IMPORTANT

[k12_1] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland that has more entrepreneurship and market economy

[k12_2] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Multicultural Finland where foreigners with different religions and lifestyles are accepted

[k12_3] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland where Christian values have a greater role

[k12_4] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland where there are smaller differences in regional development

[k12_5] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland where the special status of Swedish-speaking Finns is acknowledged

[k12_6] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland where there is better equality between men and women

[k12_7] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland that has a smaller public sector

[k12_8] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland where the rights of sexual minorities are strengthened

[k12_9] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland that has a lower taxation level

[k12_10] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland that has two strong national languages: Finnish and Swedish

[k12_11] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland with more law and order

[k12_12] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland where the status of traditional nuclear families is reinforced

[k12_13] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland that has more immigration

[k12_14] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland that has smaller income disparities

[k12_15] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland that is less committed/attached to the European Union

[k12_16] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland where more energy is produced with nuclear power

[k12_17] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? Finland that has fewer municipalities than it has at the moment

[k12_18] In the following, some propositions relating to the future direction of Finland are listed. What is your opinion on these propositions? More eco-friendly Finland, even if it meant low economic growth or no growth at all

[q02] How closely do you follow politics on TV, radio, newspapers or the Internet?

[q03] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I feel I understand the most important political issues in Finland

[q04a] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Making compromises in politics is really just selling out on one's principles

[q04b] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Most politicians do not care about the people

[q04c] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Most politicians are trustworthy

[q04d] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Politicians are the main problem in Finland

[q04e] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Having a strong leader in government is good for Finland even if the leader bends the rules to get things done

[q04f] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? The people, and not politicians, should make our most important policy decisions

[q04g] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Most politicians care only about the interests of the rich and powerful

[q05a] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Minorities should adapt to the Finnish customs and traditions

[q05b] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? The will of the majority should always prevail, even over the rights of minorities

[q05c] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Immigrants are generally good for Finland's economy

[q05d] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Finland's culture is generally harmed by immigrants

[q05e] To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Immigrants increase crime rates in Finland

[q06a] How important do you think the following is for being truly Finnish? To have been born in Finland

[q06b] How important do you think the following is for being truly Finnish? To have grandparents who have been born in Finland

[q06c] How important do you think the following is for being truly Finnish? To be able to speak one of Finland's national languages (Finnish or Swedish)

[q06d] How important do you think the following is for being truly Finnish? To follow Finnish customs and traditions

[q07] How widespread do you think corruption, such as bribe taking, is among politicians in Finland?

[q08] To what extent do you agree or disagree? The government should take measures to reduce differences in income levels

[q09] How good or bad a job do you think the Government led by Prime Minister Sipilä did over the past four years?

[q10a] (FILTER) Does any of the parties in Finland represent your views reasonably well?

[q10b] Does any of the parties in Finland represent your views reasonably well? Which party?

[q10b_so] Does any of the parties in Finland represent your views reasonably well? Some other party or group, please specify (open-ended)

[q22] Do you usually think of yourself as close to any particular party?

[q22a] Do you feel you are a little closer to one of the political parties than the others?

[q22b] (IF Q22A = YES) Do you feel you are a little closer to one of the political parties than the others? Which party do you feel closest to? MENTION ONLY ONE

[q22b_so] (IF Q22A = YES) Do you feel you are a little closer to one of the political parties than the others? Which party do you feel closest to? Some other party or group, please specify (open-ended)

[q22c] (IF RESPONDED TO Q22A) Do you feel very close to this party, fairly close, or not very close?

[q12lha] Nowadays many people do not vote in elections for one reason or the other. Did you vote or not in these parliamentary elections?

[k13] (IF Q12LHA = 5) How self-evident was it for you not to vote?

[k14] (IF Q12LHA = 5) If you had voted, the candidate of which party or group would you have voted for? MENTION ONLY ONE

[k14_so] (IF Q12LHA = 5) If you had voted, the candidate of which party or group would you have voted for? Some other party or group, please specify (open-ended)

[q12lhb] (IF VOTED) The candidate of which party or group did you vote for in these parliamentary elections?

[q12lhb_s] (IF VOTED) The candidate of which party or group did you vote for in these parliamentary elections? Some other party or group, please specify (open-ended)

[k15] How easy or difficult was it for you to choose the party or group whose candidate you voted for?

[k16] How easy or difficult was it for you to find a suitable candidate?

[k17] Did you consider voting for a candidate of any other party or group?

[k18] Which party or group? MENTION ONLY ONE

[k18_so] Which party or group? Some other party or group, please specify (open-ended)

[q13a] Did you vote four years ago, in the 2015 parliamentary elections?

[q13b] The candidate of which political party or group did you vote for?

[q13b_so] The candidate of which political party or group did you vote for? Some other party or group, please specify (open-ended)

[q14a] Some people say that it doesn't make any difference who is in power. Others say that it makes a big difference who is in power. Using the scale presented, what would you say?

[q14b] Some people say that no matter who people vote for, it won't make any difference to what happens. Others say that who people vote for can make a big difference to what happens. Using the scale presented, what would you say?

[q015a] What do you think about the following political parties on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Finnish Social Democratic Party (SDP)

[q015b] What do you think about the following political parties on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? National Coalition Party (KOK)

[q015c] What do you think about the following political parties on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? True Finns (PS)

[q015d] What do you think about the following political parties on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Centre Party of Finland (KESK)

[q015e] What do you think about the following political parties on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Green League (VIHR)

[q015f] What do you think about the following political parties on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Left Alliance (VAS)

[q015g] What do you think about the following political parties on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Swedish People's Party in Finland (RKP)

[q015h] What do you think about the following political parties on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Christian Democrats in Finland (KD)

[q015i] What do you think about the following political parties on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Blue Reform (SIN)

[q016a] What do you think of the party leaders on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Antti Rinne (SDP)

[q016b] What do you think of the party leaders on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Petteri Orpo (KOK)

[q016c] What do you think of the party leaders on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Jussi Halla-aho (PS)

[q016d] What do you think of the party leaders on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Juha Sipilä (KESK)

[q016e] What do you think of the party leaders on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Pekka Haavisto (VIHR)

[q016f] What do you think of the party leaders on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Li Andersson (VAS)

[q016g] What do you think of the party leaders on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Anna-Maja Henriksson (RKP)

[q016h] What do you think of the party leaders on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Sari Essayah (KD)

[q016i] What do you think of the party leaders on a scale 0-10, where 0 means 'strongly dislike' and 10 means 'strongly like'? Sampo Terho (SIN)

[q017a] In politics people sometimes talk of left and right. Where would you place the following parties on a scale 0-10 where 0 means the left and 10 means the right? Finnish Social Democratic Party (SDP)

[q017b] In politics people sometimes talk of left and right. Where would you place the following parties on a scale 0-10 where 0 means the left and 10 means the right? National Coalition Party (KOK)

[q017c] In politics people sometimes talk of left and right. Where would you place the following parties on a scale 0-10 where 0 means the left and 10 means the right? True Finns (PS)

[q017d] In politics people sometimes talk of left and right. Where would you place the following parties on a scale 0-10 where 0 means the left and 10 means the right? Centre Party of Finland (KESK)

[q017e] In politics people sometimes talk of left and right. Where would you place the following parties on a scale 0-10 where 0 means the left and 10 means the right? Green League (VIHR)

[q017f] In politics people sometimes talk of left and right. Where would you place the following parties on a scale 0-10 where 0 means the left and 10 means the right? Left Alliance (VAS)

[q017g] In politics people sometimes talk of left and right. Where would you place the following parties on a scale 0-10 where 0 means the left and 10 means the right? Swedish People's Party in Finland (RKP)

[q017h] In politics people sometimes talk of left and right. Where would you place the following parties on a scale 0-10 where 0 means the left and 10 means the right? Christian Democrats in Finland (KD)

[q017i] In politics people sometimes talk of left and right. Where would you place the following parties on a scale 0-10 where 0 means the left and 10 means the right? Blue Reform (SIN)

[q18] Using the same [left-right] scale, where would you place yourself?

[q21] How satisfied are you with the way democracy works in Finland?

[k19] For your voting choice, which was ultimately the more important, the party or the candidate?

[k20_1] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? Performance of the party's representatives in election programmes on television

[k20_2] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? The party looks after the interests of the occupational group I belong to

[k20_3] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? The party has a good leader

[k20_4] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? Values of the party

[k20_5] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? The party has good policy on many current issues

[k20_6] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? The party has competent people to conduct Finnish politics

[k20_7] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? Performance of the party during the past parliamentary term

[k20_8] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? The party's successful election campaign

[k20_9] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? In my opinion, the leader of the party was the best candidate to become prime minister

[k20_10] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? Desire to influence which parties will be in the coalition government

[k20_11] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? My family member(s) voted for the party

[k20_12] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? My friend(s) voted for the party

[k20_13] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? Recommendations provided by candidate selector(s)

[k20_14] To what extent did the following influence your choice of party in these parliamentary elections? The party generally keeps their election promises

[k21_1] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's age

[k21_2] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's gender

[k21_3] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's education

[k21_4] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's place of residence

[k21_5] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's prior experience in politics

[k21_6] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's reliability

[k21_7] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's ability to manage things

[k21_8] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's appearance and style

[k21_9] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's public speaking and presentation skills

[k21_10] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate is a well-known public figure

[k21_11] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's views on different issues

[k21_12] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's party affiliation

[k21_13] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's selection campaign and election advertising

[k21_14] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's chances of winning a seat to parliament

[k21_15] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? Openness/transparency of the candidate's campaign funding

[k21_16] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? The candidate's answers in candidate selectors on the Internet

[k21_17] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? Internet or social media presence of the candidate or his/her political party

[k21_18] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? My family member(s) voted for the candidate

[k21_19] To what extent did the following influence your choice of candidate? My friend(s) voted for the candidate

[k22] If your candidate had been running for any of the other parties, would you still have voted for him/her?

[k23] Here is the list of candidates from your electoral district. Would you be willing to tell who you voted for in the parliamentary elections? Responding is completely voluntary and confidential.

[k24] Which candidate did you vote for?

[k24muu] Which candidate did you vote for? Other, please specify (open-ended)

[k25] Did you vote for a candidate who is of the same gender as you?

[k26] What was the age of the candidate you voted for?

[k27] Did you vote for the same candidate as in the previous parliamentary elections?

[k28] In what way was the candidate you voted for known to you?

[k29] When did you decide the party whose candidate you voted for?

[k30] When did you decide the candidate you voted for?

[k31] Would you say that people can be trusted or that you can't be too careful in dealing with people? Indicate your opinion on a scale 0-10, where 0 means you can't be too careful about people and 10 means that most people can be trusted.

[k32_1] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? The President

[k32_2] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? Political parties

[k32_3] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? The Parliament

[k32_4] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? The Government

[k32_5] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? Politicians

[k32_6] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? The European Union

[k32_7] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? The judicial system

[k32_8] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? Public officials

[k32_9] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland

[k32_10] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? The police

[k32_11] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? Trade unions and professional associations

[k32_12] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? The media

[k32_13] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? Banks

[k32_14] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? Major corporations

[k32_15] To what extent do you trust or mistrust the following? Universities and research institutes

[k33_1] Who of the following was the Finnish Minister of Finance right before the recent parliamentary elections?

[k33_2] What was the unemployment rate in Finland in February 2019 according to Statistics Finland?

[k33_3] Which of the following parties has the second largest number of seats in the newly elected Parliament?

[k33_4] Who is the current President of the European Commission?

[k33_5] What do you think is meant by a parliamentary system of government?

[d1] Your year of birth

[d2] Your gender

[d3] What is the highest level of education or degree you have completed?

[d4] Your marital status

[d33] How would you describe your health in general?

[d5] Do you belong to any trade union or professional association and if yes, how actively do you participate in its activities?

[d34] Which of the following central organisations does your trade union or professional association belong to?

[d35] How many other than work- or profession-related associations do you belong to as a paying member?

[d06] Which of the following best describes your current situation?

[d07] What is your current or latest occupation? Indicate the job title of your main job as specifically as possible. Please respond with your job title, not your degree title. (open-ended question categorised by using ISCO-08)

[d07a] The occupational group you feel you mainly belong to?

[d13] If you are in paid employment, which sector do you work in?

[d09] What is the average total annual income of your household before tax (= gross income), including taxable social security benefits? (euros)

[d09_luok] What is the average total annual income of your household before tax (= gross income), including taxable social security benefits? (euros) (categorised by researcher)

[d20] How many people live in your household? In total: (people)

[d21b] Out of them, how many are children/young people aged 7-17?

[d21c] Out of them, how many are children aged 6 or younger?

[d11] Apart from weddings, funerals etc., how often do you go to church?

[d23] How religious would you say you are?

[d10] Do you belong to a church or other religious community?

[d37] Mother tongue

[d16] Which language or languages are usually spoken at your home?

[d38] Do you consider yourself a member of an ethnic minority in Finland?

[d38_so] Do you consider yourself a member of an ethnic minority in Finland? Which minority? (open-ended)

[d15] Were both your parents or one parent born outside of Finland?

[d17] Your municipality of residence (in which you are entitled to vote) (interviewer has the municipality code) (catogorised at FSD)

[d19] Do you live...

[d40] Did you live in your present electoral district at the time of the previous parliamentary elections of 2015?

[d41] Have you been unemployed in the past 12 months?

[d41_so] Have you been unemployed in the past 12 months? If yes, for how many months approximately in total? (open-ended)

[rekry1] Willingness to respond to the self-administered questionnaire?

[lomakeno] Self-administered questionnaire number marked by interviewer

[kieli] Language

[p1_1] In your opinion, how did the policy objectives of parties differ from each other in the recent parliamentary elections? Was detecting the differences easy or hard for you:

[p1_2_1] And in your opinion, how did the policy objectives of the parties differ before the elections? Evaluate each political issue based on how easy or hard detecting the differences between parties was for you: Employment

[p1_2_2] And in your opinion, how did the policy objectives of the parties differ before the elections? Evaluate each political issue based on how easy or hard detecting the differences between parties was for you: Taxation

[p1_2_3] And in your opinion, how did the policy objectives of the parties differ before the elections? Evaluate each political issue based on how easy or hard detecting the differences was for you: Business operating conditions

[p1_2_4] And in your opinion, how did the policy objectives of the parties differ before the elections? Evaluate each political issue based on how easy or hard detecting the differences was for you: Environment and controlling climate change

[p1_2_5] And in your opinion, how did the policy objectives of the parties differ before the elections? Evaluate each political issue based on how easy or hard detecting the differences between parties was for you: Care of the elderly

[p1_2_6] And in your opinion, how did the policy objectives of the parties differ before the elections? Evaluate each political issue based on how easy or hard detecting the differences was for you: Social and health care services

[p1_2_7] And in your opinion, how did the policy objectives of the parties differ before the elections? Evaluate each political issue based on how easy or hard detecting the differences was for you: Young people and families with children

[p1_2_8] And in your opinion, how did the policy objectives of the parties differ before the elections? Evaluate each political issue based on how easy or hard detecting the differences between parties was for you: Education

[p1_2_9] And in your opinion, how did the policy objectives of the parties differ before the elections? Evaluate each political issue based on how easy or hard detecting the differences between parties was for you: Immigration and immigrants

[p1_2_10] And in your opinion, how did the policy objectives of the parties differ before the elections? Evaluate each political issue based on how easy or hard detecting the differences between parties was for you: Minority rights

[p2_1] In your opinion, how well did the Government led by Prime Minister Juha Sipilä handle the following issues over the past four years? Employment

[p2_2] In your opinion, how well did the Government led by Prime Minister Juha Sipilä handle the following issues over the past four years? Taxation

[p2_3] In your opinion, how well did the Government led by Prime Minister Juha Sipilä handle the following issues over the past four years? Business operating conditions

[p2_4] In your opinion, how well did the Government led by Prime Minister Juha Sipilä handle the following issues over the past four years? Environment and controlling climate change

[p2_5] In your opinion, how well did the Government led by Prime Minister Juha Sipilä handle the following issues over the past four years? Care of the elderly

[p2_6] In your opinion, how well did the Government led by Prime Minister Juha Sipilä handle the following issues over the past four years? Social and health care services

[p2_7] In your opinion, how well did the Government led by Prime Minister Juha Sipilä handle the following issues over the past four years? Young people and families with children

[p2_8] In your opinion, how well did the Government led by Prime Minister Juha Sipilä handle the following issues over the past four years? Education

[p2_9] In your opinion, how well did the Government led by Prime Minister Juha Sipilä handle the following issues over the past four years? Immigration and immigrants

[p2_10] In your opinion, how well did the Government led by Prime Minister Juha Sipilä handle the following issues over the past four years? Minority rights

[p3_1] Which of the following issues interested you the most in the election campaigns in the recent parliamentary elections? Choose the three most important issues. Employment

[p3_2] Which of the following issues interested you the most in the election campaigns in the recent parliamentary elections? Choose the three most important issues. Taxation

[p3_3] Which of the following issues interested you the most in the election campaigns in the recent parliamentary elections? Choose the three most important issues. Business operating conditions

[p3_4] Which of the following issues interested you the most in the election campaigns in the recent parliamentary elections? Choose the three most important issues. Environment and controlling climate change

[p3_5] Which of the following issues interested you the most in the election campaigns in the recent parliamentary elections? Choose the three most important issues. Care of the elderly

[p3_6] Which of the following issues interested you the most in the election campaigns in the recent parliamentary elections? Choose the three most important issues. Social and health care services

[p3_7] Which of the following issues interested you the most in the election campaigns in the recent parliamentary elections? Choose the three most important issues. Young people and families with children

[p3_8] Which of the following issues interested you the most in the election campaigns in the recent parliamentary elections? Choose the three most important issues. Education

[p3_9] Which of the following issues interested you the most in the election campaigns in the recent parliamentary elections? Choose the three most important issues. Immigration and immigrants

[p3_10] Which of the following issues interested you the most in the election campaigns in the recent parliamentary elections? Choose the three most important issues. Minority rights

[p4_1] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? All in all, EU membership has been a good thing for Finland

[p4_2] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Finland should reinforce Nordic co-operation

[p4_3] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Finland should leave the EU

[p4_4] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? The problem with democracy is that most people do not really know what is best for them

[p4_5] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Most people have enough sense to tell whether the government is doing a good job

[p4_6] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? What Finland needs are strong leaders who can restore law and order

[p4_7] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Finland should join NATO

[p4_8] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Russia poses a political and security threat to Finland

[p4_9] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? The government should primarily look after the welfare of native Finns

[p4_10] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Efforts should be made to keep all of Finland populated, regardless of the costs

[p4_11] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Finland is too eager to meet the EU's environment and climate goals

[p4_12] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Wages and terms of employment should be agreed on locally without central organisations

[p4_13] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Same-sex couples' right to marry is a good thing

[p4_14] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Same-sex couples' right to adopt is a good thing

[p4_15] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? The centralisation of social and health services into larger responsible units, the so-called SOTE reform, is a good thing

[p4_16] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Cuts to public services are needed to balance the Finnish economy

[p4_17] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Alcohol legislation in Finland is too strict

[p4_18] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Begging should be forbidden

[p4_19] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Finns must remain longer in the working life than they do now

[p4_20] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Studying Swedish at school should be voluntary

[p4_21] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Finland must maintain compulsory military service

[p4_22] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? It is safe to live in Finland

[p4_23] To what extent do you agree with the following statements about current political issues? Finland should take a considerably more active role in mitigating climate change

[p5_1] During the election campaigning, people can get relevant information for their voting choice from a variety of sources. To what extent did you get relevant information from the following sources? Family members, parents or relatives

[p5_2] During the election campaigning, people can get relevant information for their voting choice from a variety of sources. To what extent did you get relevant information from the following sources? Colleagues or fellow students

[p5_3] During the election campaigning, people can get relevant information for their voting choice from a variety of sources. To what extent did you get relevant information from the following sources? Other friends or acquaintances

[p5_4] During the election campaigning, people can get relevant information for their voting choice from a variety of sources. To what extent did you get relevant information from the following sources? Newspaper or online paper/magazine

[p5_5] During the election campaigning, people can get relevant information for their voting choice from a variety of sources. To what extent did you get relevant information from the following sources? Television

[p5_6] During the election campaigning, people can get relevant information for their voting choice from a variety of sources. To what extent did you get relevant information from the following sources? Radio

[p5_7] During the election campaigning, people can get relevant information for their voting choice from a variety of sources. To what extent did you get relevant information from the following sources? Websites of parties or candidates

[p5_8] During the election campaigning, people can get relevant information for their voting choice from a variety of sources. To what extent did you get relevant information from the following sources? Social media of parties or candidates

[p5_9] During the election campaigning, people can get relevant information for their voting choice from a variety of sources. To what extent did you get relevant information from the following sources? Other social media

[p5_10] During the election campaigning, people can get relevant information for their voting choice from a variety of sources. To what extent did you get relevant information from the following sources? Websites of the media

[p5_11] During the election campaigning, people can get relevant information for their voting choice from a variety of sources. To what extent did you get relevant information from the following sources? Other websites

[p5_12] During the election campaigning, people can get relevant information for their voting choice from a variety of sources. To what extent did you get relevant information from the following sources? Candidate selector(s)

[p5_13] During the election campaigning, people can get relevant information for their voting choice from a variety of sources. To what extent did you get relevant information from the following sources? Election programmes of parties

[p6_1] How much time did you spend making your final voting decision? Estimate the time spent separately for your choice of party and candidate. Considered party for (time spent in total):

[p6_2] How much time did you spend making your final voting decision? Estimate the time spent separately for your choice of party and candidate. Considered candidate for (time spent in total):

[p7_1] To what extent do you agree with the following statements considering the 2019 parliamentary elections? Electoral legislation is unfair to smaller parties

[p7_2] To what extent do you agree with the following statements considering the 2019 parliamentary elections? Election committees performed their tasks well

[p7_3] To what extent do you agree with the following statements considering the 2019 parliamentary elections? There was sufficient information from authorities on voting practicalities

[p7_4] To what extent do you agree with the following statements considering the 2019 parliamentary elections? Voting had been made easy in terms of practical arrangements

[p7_5] To what extent do you agree with the following statements considering the 2019 parliamentary elections? Election advertising in the media was impartial

[p7_6] To what extent do you agree with the following statements considering the 2019 parliamentary elections? It was easier for wealthier candidates to get elected

[p7_7] To what extent do you agree with the following statements considering the 2019 parliamentary elections? The election campaigning of some parties or candidates was systematically disrupted

[p7_8] To what extent do you agree with the following statements considering the 2019 parliamentary elections? The counting of votes went smoothly

[p7_9] To what extent do you agree with the following statements considering the 2019 parliamentary elections? There was no evidence of electoral fraud in the elections

[p8_1_1] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption did you notice in the 2019 parliamentary elections? Spreading disinformation

[p8_1_2] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption did you notice in the 2019 parliamentary elections? Disrupting websites and/or social media accounts

[p8_1_3] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption did you notice in the 2019 parliamentary elections? Influencing political views and creating discord in online discussion through, for example, fake social media accounts

[p8_1_4] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption did you notice in the 2019 parliamentary elections? Data breaches and different data leaks (e.g. emails)

[p8_1_5] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption did you notice in the 2019 parliamentary elections? Defamation campaigns concerning a candidate

[p8_1_6] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption did you notice in the 2019 parliamentary elections? Publishing fake voting intention polls

[p8_1_7] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption did you notice in the 2019 parliamentary elections? Manipulating audio or visual content, spreading false documents

[p8_1_8] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption did you notice in the 2019 parliamentary elections? Questioning the reliability of the election results

[p8_1_9] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption did you notice in the 2019 parliamentary elections? Manipulating the election results or large-scale breaching of the secrecy of the ballot

[p8_2_1] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption do you think are possible in future elections in Finland? Spreading disinformation

[p8_2_2] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption do you think are possible in future elections in Finland? Disrupting websites and/or social media accounts

[p8_2_3] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption do you think are possible in future elections? Influencing political views and creating discord in online discussion through, for example, fake social media accounts

[p8_2_4] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption do you think are possible in future elections in Finland? Data breaches and different data leaks (e.g. emails)

[p8_2_5] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption do you think are possible in future elections in Finland? Defamation campaigns concerning a candidate

[p8_2_6] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption do you think are possible in future elections in Finland? Publishing fake voting intention polls

[p8_2_7] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption do you think are possible in future elections in Finland? Manipulating audio or visual content, spreading false documents

[p8_2_8] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption do you think are possible in future elections in Finland? Questioning the reliability of the election results

[p8_2_9] Which of the following forms of electoral disruption do you think are possible in future elections in Finland? Manipulating the election results or large-scale breaching of the secrecy of the ballot

[p9a] How often do you watch television broadcasts on TV or on the Internet/social media?

[p9b] How much time do you spend watching television news or politics-related and current affairs programmes on ordinary weekdays?

[p10] How often do you use social media (e.g. Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat)?

[p11_1] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Write a letter to the editor

[p11_2] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Contact political decision-makers on an important issue

[p11_3] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Sign a citizens' initiative

[p11_4] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Sign other petitions

[p11_5] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Involve myself in the activities of a political party

[p11_6] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Participate in the activities of some other voluntary/civic organisation

[p11_7] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Try to influence political or social issues through my consumer choices

[p11_8] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Join a consumer boycott

[p11_9] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Participate in peaceful demonstrations

[p11_10] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Demonstrate civil disobedience by participating in illegal, non-violent activities

[p12_1] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years on the Internet or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Sign a citizens' initiative

[p12_2] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years on the Internet or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Contact political decision-makers on an important issue

[p12_3] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years on the Internet or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Donate money to a political party or candidate

[p12_4] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years on the Internet or, if you felt an issue was important, which of these might you do? Involve myself in the activities of a political party

[p12_5] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years on the Internet or which of these might you do? Participate in the activities of some other voluntary/civic organisation

[p12_6] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years on the Internet or which of these might you do? Discuss politics with family or acquaintances through electronic means of communication (e.g. WhatsApp)

[p12_7] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years on the Internet or which of these might you do? Produce political content by publishing a text, photo, audio or video I made that expresses my views

[p12_8] Which of these forms of social participation have you done in the past four years on the Internet or which of these might you do? Share texts, photos, videos or other content relating to politics and created by others

[p12_9] Which of these have you done in the past four years on the Internet or which of these might you do? Participate in political discussion by writing comments on, for example, social media, blogs or elsewhere on the Internet

[p13_1] People come across different political opinions, news and other information on the Internet. How often do you encounter content on the Internet that: Matches your political opinions

[p13_2] People come across different political opinions, news and other information on the Internet. How often do you encounter content on the Internet that: Does not match your political opinions

[p13_3] People come across different political opinions, news and other information on the Internet. How often do you encounter content on the Internet that: Is favourable towards parties or candidates you support

[p13_4] People come across different political opinions, news and other information on the Internet. How often do you encounter content on the Internet that: Is critical towards parties or candidates you support

[p13_5] People come across different political opinions, news and other information on the Internet. How often do you encounter content on the Internet that: Is favourable towards parties or candidates you do not support

[p13_6] People come across different political opinions, news and other information on the Internet. How often do you encounter content on the Internet that: Is critical towards parties or candidates you do not support

[p14] If it were possible to have a say through the Internet in issues that the Parliament is handling each week, what would you do? (choose only one option)

[p15_1] In your opinion, is a male or a female politician better able to work in the following policy sectors? Defence and security policy

[p15_2] In your opinion, is a male or a female politician better able to work in the following policy sectors? Economic policy

[p15_3] In your opinion, is a male or a female politician better able to work in the following policy sectors? Social policy

[p15_4] In your opinion, is a male or a female politician better able to work in the following policy sectors? Immigration and asylum policy

[p15_5] In your opinion, is a male or a female politician better able to work in the following policy sectors? Equality policy

[p16_1] In your opinion, do the following characteristics better describe male or female politicians? Ambitious

[p16_2] In your opinion, do the following characteristics better describe male or female politicians? Striving for mutual understanding

[p16_3] In your opinion, do the following characteristics better describe male or female politicians? Determined

[p16_4] In your opinion, do the following characteristics better describe male or female politicians? Sympathetic

[p17_1] Thinking of Finnish political parties, to what extent do you agree or disagree? Power is too concentrated in the hands of the leading figures of parties (party chairs, leaders of parliamentary groups, ministers etc.)

[p17_2] Thinking of Finnish political parties, to what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Party leaders should be elected in elections where all members of the party are eligible to vote

[p17_3] Thinking of Finnish political parties, to what extent do you agree or disagree? Grassroot party members are able to influence party decisions to a sufficient degree in local and district organisations and party conferences

[p17_4] Thinking of Finnish political parties, to what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Backbencher MPs are 'rubber stamps' to party leaders and do not have any actual power to make decisions

[p17_5] Thinking of Finnish political parties, to what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? I would trust parties more if they listened to their members more

[p17_6] Thinking of Finnish political parties, to what extent do you agree or disagree? If the politics of a party are good, it does not matter even if the grassroot members did not have any part in shaping them

[p18] In your opinion, to what extent did the parties in PM Sipilä's Government keep their election promises during the parliamentary term 2015-2019? Respond on a scale 0-10 where 0 means 'not at all' and 10 means 'completely'.

[p19_1] Before the parliamentary elections in 2015, the parties in PM Sipilä's Government made the following promises. To what extent have these promises been fulfilled? Preventing the raise of the total tax rate during the parliamentary term

[p19_2] Before the elections in 2015, the parties in PM Sipilä's Government made the following promises. To what extent have these been fulfilled? Enabling the introduction of tuition fees for students coming from outside the EU or the EEA

[p19_3] Before the parliamentary elections in 2015, the parties in PM Sipilä's Government made the following promises. In your opinion, to what extent have these promises been fulfilled? Implementing a tax deduction for entrepreneurs

[p19_4] Before the elections in 2015, the parties in PM Sipilä's Government made the following promises. To what extent have these been fulfilled? Abolition of the 'labour availability consideration' for employees arriving from outside the EEA

[p19_5] In your opinion, to what extent have these promises been fulfilled? Implementing a public health care model based on freedom of choice where compensation is paid to the service provider the client chooses

[p19_6] Before the parliamentary elections in 2015, the parties in PM Sipilä's Government made the following promises. To what extent have these promises been fulfilled? Criminalisation of travelling with intent to commit a terrorist offence

[p19_7] Before the parliamentary elections in 2015, the parties in PM Sipilä's Government made the following promises. In your opinion, to what extent have these promises been fulfilled? Reintroducing the use of landmines in national defence

[p19_8] Before the parliamentary elections in 2015, the parties in PM Sipilä's Government made the following promises. To what extent have these been fulfilled? Extending the length of the employee probationary period to six months at most

[p20_1] If you think back to the past two years (24 months), are the following things currently better, worse or the same as before? State of the economy in Finland

[p20_2] If you think back to the past two years (24 months), are the following things currently better, worse or the same as before? Your own or your family's financial situation

[p20_3] If you think back to the past two years (24 months), are the following things currently better, worse or the same as before? Employment situation in Finland

[p20_4] If you think back to the past two years (24 months), are the following things currently better, worse or the same as before? Your own or your family's employment situation

[p21_1] And what about two years (24 months) from now, do you think the following things will be better, worse or the same as they are now? State of the economy in Finland

[p21_2] And what about two years (24 months) from now, do you think the following things will be better, worse or the same as they are now? Your own or your family's financial situation

[p21_3] And what about two years (24 months) from now, do you think the following things will be better, worse or the same as they are now? Employment situation in Finland

[p21_4] And what about two years (24 months) from now, do you think the following things will be better, worse or the same as they are now? Your own or your family's employment situation

[p22] How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with your financial situation?

[p23] And how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with your life in general?

[p24] Which of the following groups would you say you belong to? (choose only one)

[p25] Which of the following groups would you say you belong to? (choose only one)

[p26_1] How well do the following personality traits describe you? Consider both personality traits in the pair when responding. Extraverted, enthusiastic

[p26_2] How well do the following personality traits describe you? Consider both personality traits in the pair when responding. Critical, quarrelsome

[p26_3] How well do the following personality traits describe you? Consider both personality traits in the pair when responding. Dependable, self-disciplined

[p26_4] How well do the following personality traits describe you? Consider both personality traits in the pair when responding. Anxious, easily upset

[p26_5] How well do the following personality traits describe you? Consider both personality traits in the pair when responding. Open to new experiences, complex

[p26_6] How well do the following personality traits describe you? Consider both personality traits in the pair when responding. Reserved, quiet

[p26_7] How well do the following personality traits describe you? Consider both personality traits in the pair when responding. Sympathetic, warm

[p26_8] How well do the following personality traits describe you? Consider both personality traits in the pair when responding. Disorganized, careless

[p26_9] How well do the following personality traits describe you? Consider both personality traits in the pair when responding. Calm, emotionally stable

[p26_10] How well do the following personality traits describe you? Consider both personality traits in the pair when responding. Conventional, uncreative

[paino] Weight variable (language/party choice/gender/age/constituency)

[paikkaus] Second data collection round to reach quotas

[paikattu] Second data collection round conducted

[vaalip] The respondent's electoral district

[maakunta] The respondent's NUTS3 region of residence (created at FSD)

[Kesto] Duration of completing the questionnaire (in seconds)

[weights] Updated weight variable, main questionnaire

[ans_pv] Responded to self-administered questionnaire

[pvweight] Updated weight variable, self-administered questionnaire