Select variable

[fsd_no] FSD study number

[fsd_vr] FSD edition number

[fsd_id] FSD case id

[Q1A_1] Political parties are drifting further and further away from the problems of ordinary citizens

[Q1A_2] Nowadays men and women are equal enough in Finland

[Q1A_3] Democracy functions so well in Finland that there are no grounds for talking about citizens' lack of influence

[Q1A_4] It is of utmost importance that the whole of Finland is kept populated

[Q1A_5] Climate change is the biggest environmental threat of our time. In order to prevent it, every country must take immediate and effective measures

[Q1A_6] I am interested in politics and follow it actively

[Q1A_7] Finland's Government has been poorly prepared for the third and fourth waves of COVID-19

[Q1A_8] I am so attached to my own region of residence that I would not move anywhere else even to get a job

[Q1A_9] Finland would be more successful if decision-making power was decentralised from the central government to the regions on a larger scale than at present

[Q1A_10] COVID-19 and its spread in Finland causes me anxiety and fear

[Q1A_11] Finland should join NATO

[Q1A_12] Much more housing should be built in large cities to make it easier to move to cities for employment

[Q1A_13] It is right that persons with discriminatory views are not provided an opportunity to air them publicly

[Q1A_14] Voting in the county elections for a local councillor known to be competent ensures that services will be maintained in my municipality

[Q1A_15] The most influential politicians possible should be elected to the wellbeing services county councils, as they can efficiently promote the interests of their county at the national level

[Q1A_16] The biggest problem for gender equality is the belittling attitude of men towards women that is latent in the culture and in speech

[Q1A_17] An urban lifestyle is more sustainable for the environment than living in a rural area

[Q1A_18] It is right to remove statues or monuments of historical figures if it comes to light that their actions have been completely inexcusable according to today's standards

[Q1A_19] It is a privilege to be a Finn

[Q1A_20] Parliamentary, municipal and county elections should be held at the same time

[Q1B_1] Promoting the rights of sexual and gender minorities is a crucial social goal

[Q1B_2] A model based on freedom of choice should be adopted in public primary health care, where citizens can choose their place of treatment out of municipal health centres and private health care units

[Q1B_3] The decision-makers in Helsinki do not care at all even if people lived in need elsewhere in Finland

[Q1B_4] The state regulates the lives of individuals too much

[Q1B_5] Freedom of speech is under threat in Finland, because critical opinions are increasingly labelled as hate speech

[Q1B_6] Those remote rural villages that do not offer opportunities to make a decent living should not be kept populated

[Q1B_7] The information conveyed to citizens by the authorities is reliable

[Q1B_8] It is reasonable to amend text or remove aspects that are considered inappropriate today from, for example, traditional children's literature

[Q1B_9] All restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic should be lifted immediately

[Q1B_10] There are more than two genders

[Q1B_11] It would be a positive development if the regions had more autonomy in the future and, like the Åland Islands, could pass their own laws within certain limits

[Q1B_12] The debate on the coronavirus epidemic has been bordering on hysteria and has driven decision-makers to take excessive measures

[Q1B_13] It is good that public social and health care will be provided by wellbeing services counties instead of municipalities

[Q1B_14] Women have a lower social status in our society

[Q1B_15] Historical monuments and other long time ago created works reflect the thinking and phenomena of their time and should not be removed or censored

[Q1B_16] People living in rural areas should not be made feel guilty for climate issues because emissions occur in cities, carbon sequestration in rural areas

[Q1B_17] Everyone should have the right to criticise religions if they want to

[Q1B_18] The attitude towards sexual and gender minorities in Finland is tolerant enough

[Q1B_19] The information conveyed to citizens by politicians is reliable

[Q1B_20] As teleworking and distance learning have become more common, an increased number of people can work and live anywhere in Finland

[Q1C_1] Scientists and researchers often have hidden motives, and therefore the information they provide cannot always be trusted

[Q1C_2] It is ultimately up to the state to take care of keeping the whole of Finland populated

[Q1C_3] No political party promotes issues that are important to me

[Q1C_4] Urban development has been neglected in favour of rural development

[Q1C_5] Freedom of speech has to be protected in all situations, even when someone might feel that a text or other presentation is disturbing or insulting

[Q1C_6] Even though the measures adopted by the government to combat the coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic have been exceptionally severe, I give them my full support

[Q1C_7] The only effective way to prevent racism is to guide people to recognise the racism hidden in our society's structures, customs and speech

[Q1C_8] The gradual depopulation of rural areas is only a good thing for nature conservation, biodiversity and the mitigation of climate change

[Q1C_9] The information provided by researchers can be trusted, because research data are always open to criticism by the research community

[Q1C_10] Because organising social and health care will be the responsibility of the wellbeing services counties in the future, it would be right if they also had the power to collect taxes

[Q1C_11] Ethnic minorities have the same opportunities as the general population to get ahead in life

[Q1C_12] The solutions to the problems of Finnish rural areas must be based on their own initiative and know-how, not on state subsidies

[Q1C_13] When it comes to social issues, I receive better information from my friends and networks than from public sources

[Q1C_14] Criticism of religions can justifiably be compared to racism

[Q1C_15] County elections are a waste of time, municipalities could just appoint representatives to the county councils instead

[Q1C_16] Migration to growing urban areas should be curbed even if it required costly regional support measures

[Q1C_17] When the remote work recommendation related to the pandemic is lifted, all workplaces should go back to in-office work as much as possible

[Q1C_18] There is too much talk about gender equality nowadays

[Q1C_19] Anyone who does not actively fight against the discrimination of ethnic minorities is essentially a racist

[Q2A_1] In your opinion, how serious a threat to health is the coronavirus epidemic still prevailing in Finland? For you personally

[Q2A_2] In your opinion, how serious a threat to health is the coronavirus epidemic still prevailing in Finland? For people close to you

[Q2A_3] In your opinion, how serious a threat to health is the coronavirus epidemic still prevailing in Finland? For Finns in general

[Q2B_1] And how serious a threat do you think the coronavirus epidemic is for economy and financial circumstances? For you personally

[Q2B_2] And how serious a threat do you think the coronavirus epidemic is for economy and financial circumstances? For people close to you

[Q2B_3] And how serious a threat do you think the coronavirus epidemic is for economy and financial circumstances? For Finns in general

[Q3A] A remote work / teleworking recommendation has been issued in Finland because of the COVID-19 pandemic. How have you primarily worked during the pandemic?

[Q3B] And how would you like to work in the future when the pandemic is over?

[Q4A] In January 2022, Finland's first county elections will be held to elect the county councils of the wellbeing services counties. How likely is it that you will vote in the county elections?

[Q4B] How interested are you in matters related to the wellbeing services counties and their future activities?

[Q4C] And how well informed do you think you are about matters and discussion related to the wellbeing services counties?

[Q5_1] Several national elections are held regularly in Finland. How interested/motivated are you generally when it comes to voting in the following national elections? Municipal elections

[Q5_2] Several national elections are held regularly in Finland. How interested/motivated are you generally when it comes to voting in the following national elections? County elections

[Q5_3] Several national elections are held regularly in Finland. How interested/motivated are you generally when it comes to voting in the following national elections? Parliamentary elections

[Q5_4] Several national elections are held regularly in Finland. How interested/motivated are you generally when it comes to voting in the following national elections? Presidential elections

[Q5_5] Several national elections are held regularly in Finland. How interested/motivated are you generally when it comes to voting in the following national elections? European Parliament elections

[Q6_1] At which administrative level do you think the following should be primarily organised in the future? Day care services and early childhood education

[Q6_2] At which administrative level do you think the following should be primarily organised in the future? Primary and lower secondary education

[Q6_3] At which administrative level do you think the following should be primarily organised in the future? Upper secondary education

[Q6_4] At which administrative level do you think the following should be primarily organised in the future? The police

[Q6_5] At which administrative level do you think the following should be primarily organised in the future? Integration of immigrants

[Q6_6] At which administrative level do you think the following should be primarily organised in the future? Means-tested social benefits (labour market support, social assistance, housing allowance etc.)

[Q6_7] At which administrative level do you think the following should be primarily organised in the future? Employment services

[Q6_8] At which administrative level do you think the following should be primarily organised in the future? Industrial policy

[Q6_9] At which administrative level do you think the following should be primarily organised in the future? Business licences and supervision

[Q6_10] At which administrative level do you think the following should be primarily organised in the future? Environmental permits and supervision

[Q6_11] At which administrative level do you think the following should be primarily organised in the future? Regional planning (regional land use plans)

[Q6_12] At which administrative level do you think the following should be primarily organised in the future? Public transport

[Q6_13] At which administrative level do you think the following should be primarily organised in the future? Building the transport infrastructure (roads, railways etc.)

[Q7_1] What do you think will happen if the wellbeing services counties are granted the right to collect taxes in the future? On the whole, taxation will increase

[Q7_2] What do you think will happen if the wellbeing services counties are granted the right to collect taxes in the future? The counties will have stronger autonomy

[Q7_3] What do you think will happen if the wellbeing services counties are granted the right to collect taxes in the future? The residents of the counties will have better opportunities to demand and receive value for the taxes they pay

[Q7_4] What do you think will happen if the wellbeing services counties are granted the right to collect taxes in the future? Inequality will increase between the counties

[Q7_5] What do you think will happen if the wellbeing services counties are granted the right to collect taxes in the future? The counties will be able to work in peace away from day-to-day politics

[Q7_6] What do you think will happen if the wellbeing services counties are granted the right to collect taxes in the future? The counties will start to compete for residents by lowering taxation

[Q7_7] What do you think will happen if the wellbeing services counties are granted the right to collect taxes in the future? Some counties will have insufficient revenue and will face an economic crisis

[Q7_8] What do you think will happen if the wellbeing services counties are granted the right to collect taxes? There will be downright chaos, expenditure will increase and the state will lose its control over public-sector finances

[Q7_9] What do you think will happen if the wellbeing services counties are granted the right to collect taxes in the future? The availability and quality of services in the counties will improve

[Q7_10] What do you think will happen if the wellbeing services counties are granted the right to collect taxes in the future? The counties will be more efficient with spending as the state will no longer pay the bills

[Q8] At present, politicians can serve simultaneously as Members of Parliament and representatives of municipal councils, and soon also as representatives of county councils. Do you think the overlapping duties of politicians should be limited?

[Q9_1] In your opinion, how well or poorly does health care function nowadays in the following: Waiting time to get a doctor's appointment in municipal health centres

[Q9_2] In your opinion, how well or poorly does health care function nowadays in the following: Prevention of health problems, early intervention

[Q9_3] In your opinion, how well or poorly does health care function nowadays in the following: Equality between citizens in health care

[Q9_4] In your opinion, how well or poorly does health care function nowadays in the following: Waiting times for surgery and other kinds of specialised health care

[Q9_5] In your opinion, how well or poorly does health care function nowadays in the following: Rehabilitation therapy after treatment

[Q9_6] In your opinion, how well or poorly does health care function nowadays in the following: Paying attention to customers' concerns and opinions

[Q9_7] In your opinion, how well or poorly does health care function nowadays in the following: Freedom of choice, possibility to choose their health care provider and unit

[Q9_8] In your opinion, how well or poorly does health care function nowadays in the following: Services are located close enough

[Q10A] Which health services do you primarily use? Do you use...

[Q10B] Do you feel your health is nowadays:

[Q11] Do you primarily consider yourself a...

[Q12_1] Do you think the following would be a good way to promote housing, business and entrepreneurship in sparsely populated areas? Relocating the activities of central government agencies from the capital region to regional cities

[Q12_2] Do you think the following would be a good way to promote housing, business and entrepreneurship in sparsely populated areas? Maintaining a dense network of higher education institutions throughout Finland

[Q12_3] Do you think the following would be a good way to promote housing, business and entrepreneurship in sparsely populated areas? Providing pupils/students the opportunity to remotely study subjects that their school does not offer

[Q12_4] Do you think the following would be a good way to promote housing, business and entrepreneurship in sparsely populated areas? Allowing people to have the official residency status in two municipalities

[Q12_5] Do you think the following would be a good way to promote housing, business and entrepreneurship in sparsely populated areas? Increasing direct financial subsidies from the government to remote area municipalities

[Q12_6] Do you think the following would be a good way to promote housing, business and entrepreneurship in sparsely populated areas? Income tax deductions for those who move to sparsely populated areas

[Q12_7] Do you think the following would be a good way to promote housing, business and entrepreneurship in sparsely populated areas? Building high-speed broadband networks across the country with financial support from Government

[Q12_8] Do you think the following would be a good way to promote housing, business and entrepreneurship in sparsely populated areas? The possibility to set up special economic areas with lower corporate taxation and less strict regulation

[Q12_9] Would the following be a good way to promote housing, business and entrepreneurship in sparsely populated areas? Developing self-government in the regions so that each region bears the main responsibility for its own vitality

[Q13_1] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Rural areas have been neglected in Finland

[Q13_2] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Urbanisation is a natural development which should not be obstructed

[Q13_3] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Development of rural areas must be based on their own viable resources, not on state subsidies

[Q13_4] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Rural areas must be kept populated regardless of cost

[Q13_5] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: There is a strong conflict of interest between urban 'consumers' and rural 'producers'

[Q13_6] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Urban and rural areas need each other now and in future

[Q13_7] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Even though it is expensive to produce food in Finland, its high quality compensates for the high prices

[Q13_8] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Nowadays, rural areas are more of a liability than an asset to Finland

[Q13_9] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Agricultural surplus is better than underproduction and imported food

[Q13_10] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Finnish culture and national identity are based on Finland's countryside

[Q13_11] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Migration from the country to towns will increase in the next few years

[Q13_12] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Rural areas offer a better living environment than towns

[Q13_13] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Urban development has been neglected in favour of rural development

[Q13_14] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: A clean and well maintained rural environment is important to Finland also in future

[Q13_15] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Finland's countryside represents yesterday's society, which must gradually give way to new development

[Q13_16] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: In future, high quality agricultural products will become our most important export products

[Q13_17] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: If we let the crisis of rural areas deepen, Finland's national unity will be endangered

[Q13_18] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: I would prefer to live in the country if only it were possible (there would be jobs etc.)

[Q13_19] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Growing city centres promote growth, Finland should support them instead of declining areas

[Q13_20] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: In future, rural areas will offer good opportunities for entrepreneurship, even though little in the way of paid employment

[Q13_21] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Rural areas would cope better, if small municipalities were to be united into larger units

[Q13_22] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Even a declining village offers a better living environment than a suburb reduced to a slum

[Q13_23] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: It is in the interest of all Finns to safeguard the viability of the countryside

[Q13_24] Views on urban and rural areas and their future: Finland's remote rural areas should be kept populated if only on account of national defence

[Q14_1] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Being Finnish

[Q14_2] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Skin colour

[Q14_3] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Religion

[Q14_4] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Gender

[Q14_5] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Income level and wealth

[Q14_6] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Internationality

[Q14_7] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Age

[Q14_8] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Work/occupation

[Q14_9] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Physical appearance

[Q14_10] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Being a parent (mother/fatherhood)

[Q14_11] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Social class

[Q14_12] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Education

[Q14_13] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Place of residence

[Q14_14] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Sexual orientation

[Q14_15] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Health

[Q14_16] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Family history

[Q14_17] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Political orientation

[Q14_18] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Traditions

[Q14_19] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Mother tongue

[Q14_20] How important do you consider the following factors to be for your own identity? Hobbies

[Q15_1] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: Politicians - Citizens

[Q15_2] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: Employers - Employees

[Q15_3] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: The employed - The unemployed

[Q15_4] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: Industry/enterprises - Environmental protection

[Q15_5] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: Growing city areas - Remote areas

[Q15_6] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: Rich people - Poor people

[Q15_7] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: Post-war generations - Younger generations

[Q15_8] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: The left - The right

[Q15_9] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: Men - Women

[Q15_10] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: The young - The old

[Q15_11] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: Retired people - Working people

[Q15_12] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: The highly educated - The uneducated

[Q15_13] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: Native Finns - Immigrants

[Q15_14] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: EU supporters - EU critics

[Q15_15] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: National culture - International culture

[Q15_16] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: Conservatives - Liberals

[Q15_17] How strong would you say the following conflicts/oppositions are in Finland at present: Socialists - Non-socialists

[Q16_1] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Men

[Q16_2] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Women

[Q16_3] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? City dwellers

[Q16_4] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? People living in rural areas

[Q16_5] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Light-skinned people

[Q16_6] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Dark-skinned people

[Q16_7] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? The disabled

[Q16_8] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? People who are overweight

[Q16_9] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Swedish-speaking people

[Q16_10] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Finnish-speaking people

[Q16_11] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Heterosexuals

[Q16_12] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Young people

[Q16_13] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? The elderly

[Q16_14] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Ethnic Finns (original population)

[Q16_15] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Historical ethnic minorities (e.g. the Roma and Sami)

[Q16_16] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Foreign-language ethnic minorities (first or multi-generation immigrants)

[Q16_17] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Sexual minorities (e.g. homosexuals, lesbians, bisexuals, or other sexual minorities)

[Q16_18] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Gender minorities (e.g. trans or intersex people)

[Q16_19] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Asylum seekers

[Q16_20] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Conservatives

[Q16_21] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Liberals

[Q16_22] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church

[Q16_23] In your opinion, how privileged or discriminated against are the following groups in Finnish society? Members of different minority religions

[Q17_1] How acceptable do you think the following means of influencing are when acting in behalf of something considered important and justified? Signing petitions

[Q17_2] How acceptable do you think the following means of influencing are when acting in behalf of something considered important and justified? Various boycotts

[Q17_3] How acceptable do you think the following means of influencing are when acting in behalf of something considered important and justified? Infiltrating and/or recording in production facilities (e.g. factories, farms, fur farms)

[Q17_4] How acceptable do you think the following means of influencing are when acting in behalf of something considered important and justified? Legal protests, even if they cause disturbance

[Q17_5] How acceptable do you think the following means of influencing are when acting in behalf of something considered important and justified? Wildcat strikes

[Q17_6] How acceptable do you think the following means of influencing are when acting in behalf of something considered important and justified? Use of force by protesters, rioting

[Q17_7] How acceptable do you think the following means of influencing are when acting in behalf of something considered important and justified? Painting slogans and graffiti on the walls

[Q17_8] How acceptable do you think the following means of influencing are when acting in behalf of something considered important and justified? Occupying buildings

[Q17_9] How acceptable do you think the following means of influencing are when acting in behalf of something considered important and justified? Campaigning (even harsh campaigns) on the Internet and social media

[Q17_10] How acceptable do you think the following means of influencing are when acting in behalf of something considered important and justified? Organising road blocks

[Q17_11] How acceptable do you think the following means of influencing are when acting in behalf of something considered important and justified? Damaging someone's property

[Q17_12] How acceptable do you think the following means of influencing are when acting in behalf of something considered important and justified? Violence targeted at other people

[Q18_1] To what extent do you think the following can be used to influence decision-making in society? Activism

[Q18_2] To what extent do you think the following can be used to influence decision-making in society? Activities of membership organisations n.e.c.

[Q18_3] To what extent do you think the following can be used to influence decision-making in society? Citizens' initiatives

[Q18_4] To what extent do you think the following can be used to influence decision-making in society? Protests

[Q18_5] To what extent do you think the following can be used to influence decision-making in society? Boycotts

[Q18_6] To what extent do you think the following can be used to influence decision-making in society? Activism/campaigning on social media

[Q18_7] To what extent do you think the following can be used to influence decision-making in society? Consumer choices/buying decisions

[Q18_8] To what extent do you think the following can be used to influence decision-making in society? Strikes

[Q18_9] To what extent do you think the following can be used to influence decision-making in society? Political party activities

[Q18_10] To what extent do you think the following can be used to influence decision-making in society? Voting

[Q18_11] To what extent do you think the following can be used to influence decision-making in society? Discussion on social media

[Q19_1] Where would you place yourself on the following scale: Political left - political right

[Q19_2] Where would you place yourself on the following scale: Conservative - liberal

[Q20A] What is your attitude towards Finland's EU membership nowadays?

[Q20B] And what is your attitude towards the fact that our currency was changed from the Finnish mark to the euro?

[T1] Respondent's gender

[T2] Respondent's age group

[T3] Population in respondent's municipality of residence

[T4] Respondent's region of residence (NUTS3)

[T5] Type of respondent's employer (current or latest)

[T6] Respondent's working hours

[T7] Respondent's work contract

[T8] Respondent's basic education

[T9] Respondent's vocational/professional education

[T10] Respondent's economic activity and occupational status

[T11] Respondent's current or latest industry of employment

[T12] Are you a member of a federation of trade unions/professional organisations?

[T12B] Which federation of trade unions/professional organisations are you a member of?

[T13] If parliamentary elections were held now, which political party or group would you vote for?

[T14] Which social class would you say you belong to?

[T15] What is your mother tongue?

[bv1] The total gross annual income of the respondent's household

[bv2] Year of birth

[kunta] Municipality of residence

[paino] Weighting coefficient