Authors

• Hekanaho, Laura (University of Helsinki)

Keywords

Attitudes, Gender equality, Language variations, Linguistics, Non-binary persons, Sociolinguistics, Women's movement

Abstract

The survey examined respondents' views on the use of English pronouns, language-related attitudes, and linguistic phenomena connected to gender. In addition, it explored respondents' attitudes toward gender-neutral pronouns and their application in different communication contexts.

First, the survey investigated respondents' perceptions of linguistic structures and language change. Participants were asked to complete sentences and evaluate the naturalness and acceptability of various English pronoun constructions. Attitudes toward feminist language use, sexist language, and language that promotes gender equality were also assessed. Respondents further evaluated how language influences worldviews and how gendered language choices relate to broader societal attitudes.

Next, the survey addressed respondents' views on individuals belonging to gender minorities (for example, transgender and nonbinary people) and the use of their pronouns. Respondents evaluated both the use of singular they and newer pronouns such as ze and xe, in both specific and general contexts. The survey also explored which genders respondents believe are included in various pronoun references, such as 'average person” or 'everyone.” In addition, participants were asked to assess the relationship between language and gender equality and to consider whether English should have distinct pronouns for trans and nonbinary individuals.

Background variables in the dataset include gender, age, country of residence (current and childhood), language proficiency, educational background—including whether respondents have studied gender studies or linguistics—and connection to the LGBT+ community.