Aineiston nimi

EU Membership Referendum in Finland 1994

Aineistonumero

FSD1195

Pysyvät tunnisteet

https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1195
https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd1195

Aineiston laatu

Kvantitatiivinen aineisto

Tekijät

• Pesonen, Pertti (University of Tampere)
• Sänkiaho, Risto (University of Tampere)

Sisällön kuvaus

The survey studied Finnish political participation and attitudes to the EU membership referendum pre- and post-referendum. Other questions examined what respondents thought of referendums on the whole, what were their political leanings and attitudes to different groups (e.g. refugees, police, certain nationalities).

Respondents stated their views on e.g. exercising influence by voting, decision-makers' attitudes to voters, the need to supervise industry and commerce, immigration, equality between men and women and income disparity. They were asked about maintaining the traditional Finnish values, scaling down the public sector, restricting women's right to abortion and increasing the price of alcoholic beverages. Some questions dealt with the level of confidence in politicians, the position of Finnish parties on the left-right axis and the most important objectives of political activity.

The survey queried how often respondents read about political and foreign affairs in the newspaper, watched news or current affairs programmes on the television or listened to Finnish Broadcasting Company's (YLE) radio news. Respondents were asked whether the media had affected their opinion of Finland's EU membership, how important the membership was to them and would they have preferred to leave the decision to the government and parliament. The opinions of the respondents' friends and relatives on EU membership were examined. Respondents were asked how interested and how well informed they were of EU issues, what was their stand on Finland's membership and did they intend to vote in the referendum.

Respondents' views on the consequences of EU membership on various matters, e.g. Finland's environment, economic life, employment, agriculture, social security, equality, military security, national independence and living conditions were also surveyed. The final themes explored opinions about Finland's foreign policy, policy of neutrality, armed defence, armed forces financing and EU's effect on Finland's security situation. Background variables included knowledge of foreign languages, income, education, gender and region of residence.

Asiasanat

European Union; European integration; defence and state security policy; political action; political behaviour; political interest; political participation; referendums; values; voting; voting behaviour

Tieteenala/Aihealue

• Social sciences (OKM:n tieteenalaluokitus)
• Media (CESSDAn aihepiiriluokitus)
• International politics and organisations (CESSDAn aihepiiriluokitus)
• Political behaviour and attitudes (CESSDAn aihepiiriluokitus)

Sarja

Individual datasets

Jakelija

Finnish Social Science Data Archive

Käyttöoikeudet

The dataset is (B) available for research, teaching and study.

Kerääjät

• Gallup Finland

Tuottajat

• University of Tampere

Ajallinen kattavuus

1994

Aineistonkeruun ajankohta

1994-09 – 1994-11

Maa

Finland

Kohdealue

Finland

Havaintoyksikkötyyppi

Individual

Perusjoukko/otos

Finns born before 1976 (poislukien the Åland Islands)

Tutkimuksen aikaulottuvuus

Cross-section

Otantamenetelmä

Probability: Multistage

The stratified sampling design was three-staged. Firstly the number of subjects required by the survey was divided regionally by province. In the second stage the number of subjects was divided within each province into municipality subgroups, depending on the municipality type. City municipalities were grouped into big and small cities and rural municipalities into three different subgroups based on the occupational structure of the population. The third stage consisted of sampling starting points from the sample municipalities according to their population size. The interviews were conducted with the random-walk method. Six interviews were made starting from the randomly selected starting points. One member corresponding to the age and gender eligibility criteria was chosen for the interview from every sample household. 1568 persons were interviewed. Nine interviews were excluded because the respondent did not have the right to vote, so the data contain 1559 subjects. Of these 1316 participated in the post-referendum survey, which was conducted over the telephone or in some cases by mailed questionnaire.

Keruumenetelmä

Face-to-face interview

Telephone interview

Self-administered questionnaire: Paper

Keruuväline tai –ohje

Structured questionnaire

Datatiedostojen kieli

Aineistopaketti voi sisältää samoja tiedostoja eri kielisinä.

Aineisto sisältää datatiedostoja seuraavilla kielillä: englanti ja suomi.

Tietoarkisto kääntää kvantitatiivisia datatiedostoja englanniksi. Lisätietoja käännöspyynnön jättämisestä.

Havaintojen ja muuttujien lukumäärä

257 muuttujaa ja 1559 havaintoa.

Datan versio

2.0

Aineiston käytössä huomioitavaa

The data contain both pre-referendum questions (q1-q97) and post-referendum questions (p1-p22). The variables connected to open-ended questions are excluded: respondent's occupation (q3, q4), spouse's occupation (q8), which newspapers the respondent reads (q40), reasons for opposing or supporting EU membership (q59), reasons why Finland should join or not join the EU (q61a, q61b, q62a, q62b), best debaters on television (p2), most convincing public figures (p4), main reasons for voting for or against the EU (p9, p10) and the reason for not voting at all (p12).

Painokertoimet

There are no weight variables in the data.

Viittausvaatimus

The data and its creators shall be cited in all publications and presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in the form suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication.

Malliviittaus

Pesonen, Pertti (University of Tampere) & Sänkiaho, Risto (University of Tampere): EU Membership Referendum in Finland 1994 [dataset]. Data version 2.0 (2018-08-07). Finnish Social Science Data Archive [distributor]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.60686/t-fsd1195; URN: https://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1195

Julkaisusta tiedottaminen

Notify FSD of all publications where you have used the data by sending the citation information to user-services.fsd@tuni.fi.

Varaumat

The original data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretations arising from the reuse of the data.

Julkaisut aineistosta

Suomen demokratiaindikaattorit (2006). Toim. Sami Borg. Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 2006:1.

Suomen EU-kansanäänestys 1994: raportti äänestäjien kannanotoista (1994). Toim. Pesonen, Pertti. Helsinki: Ulkoasiainministeriö, eurooppatiedotus.

To join or not to join: three Nordic referendums on membership in the European Union (1998). Toim. Anders Todal Jenssen & Pertti Pesonen & Mikael Gilljam. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.

Valentini, Chiara (2008). Promoting the European Union. Comparative analysis of EU communication strategies in Finland and in Italy. Germany, Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co.

Valentini, Chiara (2008). Promoting the European Union. Comparative analysis of EU communication strategies in Finland and in Italy. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä. Jyväskylä University Printing House.

Rapeli, Lauri (2010). Politiikkatietämyksen ajallinen vaihtelu Suomessa. Politiikka, 52(2), 133-139.

Paloheimo, Heikki (2006). Asenteet poliittisia instituutioita ja toimijoita kohtaan. Teoksessa: Suomen demokratiaindikaattorit (toim. Sami Borg), 128 - 153. Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 2006:1.

Moen, Kathrine L. & Øyangen, Irene & Jenssen, Anders Todal (1996). The 1994 Nordic EU Referendums Study: Study description and codebook. Trondheim: Norwegian University of Science and Technology: Department of Sociology and Political Science. ISS-Rapport; 44.

Borg, Sami (2006). Käsitykset kansalaisuudesta ja omista vaikuttamismahdollisuuksista. Teoksessa: Suomen demokratiaindikaattorit (toim. Sami Borg), 115-127. Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 2006:1.

Rapeli, Lauri & Borg, Sami (2016). Kiinnostavaa mutta monimutkaista. Tiedot, osallistuminen ja suhtautuminen vaikuttamiseen. Teoksessa: Poliittisen osallistumisen eriytyminen. Eduskuntavaalitutkimus 2015 (toim. Grönlund, Kimmo & Wass, Hanna), 358-378. Helsinki: Oikeusministeriö. Oikeusministeriön julkaisu 28/2016. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-259-517-1

Becker, Julia: The Permanent Blues? Comparing Participation and Vote Choice in EU Referendums between 1972 and 2016. Master thesis, University of Konstanz. 2017.

Kaczmarek, Krzysztof (2017). The Process of Europeanization of Finland With a Particular Purpose of Lapland. Politiikantutkimuksen väitöskirja.

Brummel, Lars (2018). Euphoria and hangovers in direct democracy: the effects of winning, losing and abstaining in referendums on citizens' referendum support. Master's thesis. Utrecht University.